The Hmong Language
Compiled by Mark E. Pfeifer, PhD
Garallek, M. and C.M. Esposito. (2023). “Phonetics of White Hmong Vowel and Tonal Contrasts.” Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 53(1).
White, N. (2022). "The Hmong Medical Corpus: A biomedical corpus for a minority language." Language Resources and Evaluation 56: 1315-1332.
White, N. (2021). "Grammaticalization and phonological reidentification in White Hmong." Studies in Language, 46(1): 258-284.
White, N.W.. (2021). "Prehistory of Verbal Markers in Hmong: What Can We Say?" Studia Linguistica 75(2) 345–374.
Ly, C. (2020). "An Explanation of the Logic of Hmong RPA." Hmong Studies Journal, 21: 1-15.
Michaud, J. (2020). "The Art of Not Being Scripted So Much The Politics of Writing Hmong Language(s)." Current Anthropology, 61(2).
Thao, Y., Yang, C. and C. Ly. (2020). "Hidden Melodies of the Hmong Language: The Rhythmers." Hmong Studies Journal, 21: 1-17.
Birnschein, K.A. (2019). A Text-Based Exploration of Topics in White Hmong Grammar. MA Thesis, University of North Dakota.
Xiong, K.Y. (2019). The Disappearing Hmong Language: The Effects of English on Hmong Children's Heritage Language and Their Relationship With Their Parents. EdD Dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder.
Xiong, X. (2018). Hmoobness: Hmoob (Hmong) Youth and Their Perceptions of Hmoob Language in a Small Town in the Midwest. PhD Dissertation, University of Minnesota.
Thao, N. (2015). An exploration of Hmong lexical adverbs, aspects, and moods. M.A. Thesis, California State University, Fresno.
Xiong-Lor, V. (2015). Current Hmong Perceptions of their Speaking, Reading, and Writing Ability and Cultural Values as Related to Language and Cultural Maintenance. E.d.D Dissertation, California State University, Fresno.
Sposato, A. (2014). "Word order in Miao-Yao (Hmong-Mien)." Linguistic Typology 18(1): 83-140.
White, N.M. (2014). Non-Spatial Setting in White Hmong. MA Thesis. Trinity Western University.
Mortenson, D.R. (2013). "Tonally conditioned vowel raising in Shuijingping Mang." Journal of East Asian Linguistics 22:189–216.
Nibbs, F. (2013). "Kinship at the intersection of lineage and linguistics: a study of Hmong relatedness in Western contexts." Language and Intercultual communication. 1-15.
Sakuragi, T. and J.W. Fuller. (2013). "Shape and Function in Hmong Classifier Choices." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 42:349–361.
Carveth, V. (2012). Explorations in the Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Qiandong-Hmongic Onsets. MA Thesis, University of Calgary.
Esposito, C.M. (2012). "An acoustic and electroglottographic study of White Hmong tone and phonation." Journal of
Phonetics 40: 466-476.
Esposito, C.M. and S.D. Khan. (2012). "Contrastive breathiness across consonants and vowels; A Comparative
Study of Gujarati and White Hmong." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 42(2): 123-143."
Garellek, M. (2012). "The timing and sequencing of coarticulated non-modal phonation in English and White
Hmong." Journal of Phonetics, 40: 152-161.
Sakuragi, T. and J.W. Fuller. (2012). "Shape and Function in Hmong Classifier Choices." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. Epub Ahead of Print.
Vang, M. (2012). Hmong heritage language learners: A phenomenological approach. PhD Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
Kaiser, E.A. (2011). Sociophonetics of Hmong American English in Minnesota. PhD Dissertation, University of
Minnesota.
Burt, S.M. (2010). The Hmong Language in Wisconsin: Language Shift and Pragmatic Change. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
Castro, A. & G. Chawen. 2010. "Phonological innovation among Hmong dialects of Wenshan." Journal of the
Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 3.1:1-39.
Ito, R. (2010). “Accommodation to the Local Majority Norm by Hmong Americans in the Twin Cities,
Minnesota.” American Speech 85(2): 141-162.
Gerner, M. & W. Bisang (2010). “Classifiers declinations in an isolating language: On a rarity in Weining Ahmao.”
Language and Linguistics 11(3), 576-623. Taibei: Academia Sinica.
Ratliff, M. 2010. Hmong-Mien Language History. Canberra: The Australian National University, Pacific Linguistics.
Ratliff, M. (2010). Meaningful Tone: A Study of Tonal Morphology in Compounds, Form Classes and Expressive
Phases in White Hmong. Dekalb, IL: Northern Illinois Press.
Stanford, J.N. (2010). “The Role of Marriage in Linguistic Contact and Variation: Two Hmong Dialects
in Texas.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 14(1): 89-115.
Stanford, J.N. (2010). “Gender, Generations, and Nations: An Experiment in Hmong American
Discourse and Sociophonetics.” Language and Communication 30: 285-296.
Burt, S.M. (2009). “Naming, Re-Naming and Self-Naming Among Hmong-Americans.” Names 57(4): 236-245.
Gerner, M. (2009). “Deictic features of demonstratives: A typological survey with special reference to the Miao
group.” Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 54(1), 43-90.
Gerner, M. & W. Bisang (2009). “Inflectional Classifiers in Weining Ahmao: Mirror of the History of a people.” Folia
Linguistica Historica 30(1/2), 183-218. Societas Linguistica Europaea.
Ratliff, M. 2009. “Loanwords in White Hmong”. In Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook
edited by Martin Haspelmath and Uri Tadmor, 638–658. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Ratliff, M. 2009. “White Hmong vocabulary”. In World Loanword Database, edited by Martin Haspelmath and Uri
Tadmor, 1,292 entries. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library.
Gerner, M. & W. Bisang (2008). “Inflectional Speaker-Role Classifiers in Weining Ahmao.” Journal of Pragmatics, 40(4), 719-732.
Jarkey, N. (2006). “Complement Clause Types and Complementation Strategy in White Hmong.” In Robert M.W.
Dixon and A.I.U. Aikhenval’d, Eds. Complementation: A Cross-Linguistic Typology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Thomas Amis Lyman. (2004). "A Note on the Ethno-Semantics of Proverb Usage in Mong Njua (Green Hmong)." In
Tapp, N., Michaud, J., Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm
Books, pp. 167-178.
Jarkey, Nerida. (2004). “Process and Goal in White Hmong.” In The Hmong of Australia: Culture and Diaspora. Eds. Nicholas Tapp and Gary Yia Lee. Canberra, Australia: Pandanus Books, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, 175-190.
Barbara Niederer. (2004). "Pa-hng and the Classification of the Hmong-Mien Languages." In Tapp, N., Michaud, J.,
Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 129-146.
Martha Ratliff. (2004). "Vocabulary of Environment and Subsistence in the Hmong-Mien Protolanguage." In Tapp, N., Michaud, J., Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 147-166.
Kao-Ly Yang. (2004). "Problems in the Interpretation of Hmong Surnames." In Tapp, N., Michaud, J., Culas, C., and
Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 179-216.
Thoj, L. (2000). English-Hmong Dictionary//Tsevlu Aakiv Hmoob. San Diego, CA: Windsor Associates.
Thao, Paoze. (1999). Mong Education at the crossroads. Lanham. Md.: University Press of America.
Thao, P. (1999). "Mong Linguistic Awareness for Classroom Teachers." In Asian-American Education: Prospects and Challenges. C.C. Park and M.M. Chi, Editors. Westport, CT: Bergin and Harvey. 237-262.
Vaj, K. and C. Thoj. (1998). Tsevlu Hmoob (Hmong Dictionary). San Diego, CA: Windsor Associates.
Jaisser, Annie & Ratliff, Martha. (1995). Hmong for beginners . Berkeley: Centers for South and Southeast Asia
Studies, University of California at Berkeley. (text and audio cassette)
Bisang, W. (1993). “Classifiers, Quantifiers, and Class Nouns in Hmong.” Studies in Language 17, no. 1: 1-51.
Feng, P.Z. (1993). Hmong-Chinese Dictionary. Publisher Not Available.
Riddle, E.M. (1993). “The Relative Marker Uas in Hmong.” Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 16 (Fall 1993): 57-68.
Xiong, L., Xiong, W.J. and N.L.Xiong, Comps, eds. (1992). English-Mong Dictionary. Milwaukee: Xiong Partnership
Productions.
Blake, J. and D. Yang. (1992). Hmong for English Speakers (Level 1). Minneapolis, World Bridge Associates.
Bright, W. (1992). “Hmong Njua – Syntactic Analysis of a Spoken Language Using Data-Processing Equipment and Comparative Linguistic Descriptions of Southeast Asian Languages.” Language. 68(1): 165-171.
McKibben, B. (1992). English-White Hmong Dictionary. Provo, UT: Brian McKibben.
Ratliff, M. (1992). Meaningful Tone: A Study of Tonal Morphology In Compounds, Form Classes, and Expressive
Phrases in White Hmong. Dekalb: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University.
Jarkey, N. (1991). Serial Verbs in White Hmong: A Functional Approach. PhD Dissertation, University of Sydney.
Li, C. (1991). “The Aspectual System of Hmong.” Studies in Language 15: 25-58.
Melton, J.B. (1991). An Analysis of Hmong Noun Classifiers. Master’s Thesis, San Diego State University.
Ratliff, M. (1991). “Cov, the Underspecified Noun and Syntactic Flexibility in Hmong.” Journal of the American
Oriental Society 111: 694-703. Wells, B.B. (1991). The Effect of Speaking the Tonal Language Hmong on
Kindergarten Children’s Singing Accuracy.” Master’s Thesis, University of St. Thomas.
Jaisser, A. (1990). “Delivering an Introduction to Psycho-Collocations with SIAB in White Hmong.” Linguistics of the
Tibeto-Burman Area 13 (Spring 1990): 159-178.
Lyman, T. A. (1990). “The Mong (Green Miao) and Their Language: A Brief Compendium.” The Journal of the Siam
Society 78: 63-65.
Smalley, W.A., Vang, C.K. and G.Y. Yang. (1990). Mother of Writing: The Origin and Development of a Hmong
Messianic Script. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Vang, C.K., Yang, G.Y., and W.M. Smalley. (1990). The Life of Shong Lue Yang: Hmong ‘Mother of Writing’//Keeb
Kwm Soob Lwj Yaj: “Hmoob Niam Ntawv”. Southeast Asian Refugee Occasional Papers, Number 9. Minneapolis, MN: Southeast Asian Refugee Studies, Center for Urban and Regional Studies, University of Minnesota.
Li, C. (1989). “The Origin and Function of Switch Reference in Green Hmong.” In Language Change: Contributions
to the Study of Its Causes, edited by L.E. Breivik and E.H. Jahr, 115-129. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1989.
Riddle, E.M. (1989). “Serial Verbs and Propositions in White Hmong.” Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 12 (Fall 1989): 1-13.
Riddle, E.M. (1989). “Parataxis in White Hmong.” Working Papers in Linguistics 39 (December 1990): 65-76.
Stolurow, L.M. (1989). Primary Word Book: English-Hmong. 2nd Edition. Iowa City, Iowa: The Center for Educational Experimentation, Development and Evaluation, University of Iowa.
Te, H.D. (1988). English-Hmong Bilingual Glossary of School Terminology. Rancho Cordova, CA: Southeast Asia
Community Resource Center, Folsom Cordova Unified School District.
Fuller, J.W. (1987). “Topic Markers in Hmong.” Linguistics of the Tibeto Burman Area 10 (Fall 1987): 113-127.
Huffman, M.K. (1987). “Measures of Phonation Type in Hmong.” Acoustical Society of America. Journal 81 (February 1987): 495-504.
Jaisser, A. (1987). “Hmong Classifiers: A Problem Set.” Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 10 (Fall 1987): 169-
176.
Jarkey, N. (1987). “An Investigation of Two Alveolar Stop Consonants in White Hmong.” Linguistics of the Tibeto-
Burman Area 13 (Spring 1987): 159-178.
Johns, B and D. Strecker (1987). “Lexical and Phonological Sources of Hmong Elaborate Expressions.” Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 10 (fall 1987): 106-112.
Lyman, T.A. (1987). “The Word Nzi in Green Hmong (Miao).” Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 10 (Fall 1987):
142-143.
Ratliff, M. (1987). “Tone Sandhi Compounding in White Hmong.” Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 10 (Fall
1987): 71-105.
Strecker, D. (1987). “The Hmong-Mien Languages.” Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 10 (Fall 1987): 1-11.
Strecker, D. (1987). “Some Comments on Benedict’s `Miao-Yiao’ Enigma: Addendum.” Linguistics of the Tibeto-
Burman Area 10 (Fall 1987): 22-42.
Downing, B.T. (1986). “Language Issues.” In The Hmong in Transition, ed. by G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing and A.S. Deinard, 187-193.
Jaisser, A.C. (1986). “The Morpheme ‘Kom’: A First Analysis and Look at Embedding in Hmong.” In The Hmong in
Transition, ed. by G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing, and A.S. Deinard, 245-260.
Johns, B. (1986). "An Introduction to White Hmong Sung Poetry." In The Hmong World, Editors, Brenda Johns and
David Strecker, New Haven, CT: Council on Southeast Asia Studies, pp. 5-11.
Lee. G.Y. (1986). "White Hmong Kinship Terminology and Structure." In The Hmong World, Editors, Brenda Johns
and David Strecker, New Haven, CT: Council on Southeast Asia Studies, pp. 12-32.
Owensby, L. (1986). “Verb Serialization in Hmong.” In The Hmong in Transition, ed. by G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing and A.S. Deinard, 237-43.
Ratliff, M. (1986). “An Analysis of Some Tonally Diffferentiated Doublets in White Hmong (Miao).” Linguistics of the
Tibeto-Burman Area 9 (Fall 1986): 1-33.
Ratliff, M. (1986). The Morphological Functions of Tone in White Hmong. PhD Dissertation, University of Chicago.
Ratliff, M. (1986). “Two-Word Expressives in White Hmong.” In The Hmong in Transition, ed. by G.L. Hendricks, B.T.
Downing, and A.S. Deinard, 219-236.
Downing, B.T. and J.W. Fuller (1985). “Hmong Names: Change and Variation in a Bilingual Context.” Minnesota
Papers in Linguistics and Philosophy of Language 10 (April 1985): 39-50.
Fuller, J.W. (1985). “On the Passive Construction in Hmong.” Minnesota Papers in Linguistics and Philosophy of
Language 10 (April 1985): 51-65.
Fuller, J.W. (1985). “Zero Anaphora and Topic Prominence in Hmong.” In the Hmong in Transition, ed. by G.L.
Hendricks, B.T. Downing, and A.S. Deinard, 261-277.
Fuller, Judith Wheaton (1985). Topic And Comment In Hmong (Southeast Asia, China, Thailand, Vietnam), PhD
dissertation. University of Minnesota.
Huffman, M.K. (1985). “Measures of Phonation Type in Hmong.” University of California Working Papers in Phonetics 61 (July 1985): 1-25. Los Angeles: University of California.
Pederson, E.W. (1985). Intensive and Expressive Language in White Hmong (Hmoob Dawb). Master’s Thesis,
University of California, Berkeley.
Smalley, W.A. (1985). “Adaptive Language Strategies of the Hmong: From Asian Mountains to American Ghettoes.”
Language Sciences 7 (October 1985): 241-269.
Vang, K., Vang, H.T., Simmons, C., Tashima, N., and D.T. Ramirez. (1985). Hmong Concepts of Illness and Healing
with a Hmong/English Glossary. Prepared for the Office of Refugee Resettlement, U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services, Washington D.C. Fresno, CA: Nationalities Service of Central California.
Jaisser, A.C. (1984). Complementation in Hmong. Master’s Thesis, San Diego State University.
Bessac, S. (1982). The Significance of a New Script for the Hmong. (Unpublished).
Catlin, Amy (1982). Speech Surrogate Systems of the Hmong: From Singing Voices to Talking Reeds. In The Hmong in the West: Observations and Reports. Bruce T. Downing and Douglas P. Olney, eds. pp. 170-199. Minneapolis: Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota.
Clark, M. (1982). Some Auxiliary Verbs in Hmong. In the Hmong in the West: Observations and Reports. Bruce T.
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