The Hmong in Laos
(Compiled by Mark E. Pfeifer, PhD)
Phengmala, K. et al. (2023). “Ethnobotany of Hmong ethnic groups in Bolikhamxay Province, Central Laos, PDR.” Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoka. 51(3): 1-20.
Souksakhone, S. & V. Vannasy. (2023). “The pattern of reasons why minority students drop out: An empirical study of the Hmong minority in Laos.” Hmong Studies Journal, 25: 1-30.
Inui, M. (2022). “Education Access and Continuity in Northern Laos: – A Comparative Study of the Hmong and Lanten Minorities.” Hmong Studies Journal, 24: 1-47.
Kobayashi, N., Bounithiphonh, C., Sichanthongthip, P., Phongoudome, C. and M. Hiratsuka. (2022). "Acceptance of New Land-Use Activities by Hmong and Khmu Ethnic Groups: A Case Study in Northern Lao People’s Democratic Republic." Forests. 13(8): 1-11.
Smith, T.J. (2021). "Traditional prenatal and postpartum food restrictions among women in northern Lao PDR." Maternal & Child Nutrition 18: 1-14.
Vue, P. (2018). Hmong Livelihood Strategies: Factors Affecting Hunting, Agriculture, and Non-timber Forest Product Collection in Central Laos. PhD Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Hillmer P. and M.A. Vang. (2017). "Commentary: Ignorance as Bias: Radiolab, Yellow Rain, and 'The Fact of the Matter.'" Hmong Studies Journal, Volume 18.
Inui, M. (2015). "Hmong Women and Education: Challenges for Empowerment in the Lao PDR." Hmong Studies Journal, Volume 16.
Baird, I.G. (2015). "Translocal Assemblages and the Circulation of the Concept of `Indigenous Peoples' in Laos." Political Geography 46: 54-64.
Baird,I.G. and P. Vue. (2015). "The Ties that Bind: The Role of Hmong Social Networks in Developing Small-scale Rubber Cultivation in Laos." Mobilities, DOI:10.1080/17450101.2015.1016821.
Lee, M.N. (2015). Dreams of the Hmong Kingdom: The Quest for Legitimation in French Indochina, 1850–1960. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Suwannarong K, Chapman RS, Lantican C, Michaelides T, Zimicki S (2015) Hunting, Food Preparation, and Consumption of Rodents in Lao PDR. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0133150. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133150
Whitney, C.W. et al. (2014). Conservation and Ethnobotanical Knowledge of a Hmong Community in Long Lan, Luang Prabang, Lao People's Democratic Republic. Ethnobotany Journal. 12: 1-16.
Michaud, J. and T. Forsyth. (2011). Moving Mountains: Ethnicity and Livelihoods in Highland China,
Vietnam and Laos. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Baird, I. (2010). "The Hmong Come to Southern Laos: Local Responses and the Creation of Racialized
Boundaries." Hmong Studies Journal 11: 1-38.
Michaud, J. (2010). “Handling Mountain Minorities in China, Vietnam and Laos: From History and
Current Concerns.” Asian Ethnicity 10(1): 25-49.
Xiong, C.W. (2010). A Critical Hermeneutic Approach to Hmong Leadership in the Lao PDR: Horizons of
Forgiveness and Action through Imagination in Community Development. PhD Dissertation, University of
San Francisco.
Lee, S. (2009). "Searching for the Hmong People’s Ethnic Homeland and Multiple Dimensions of Transnational
Longing: From the Viewpoint of the Hmong in Laos." Hmong Studies Journal, Volume 9: 1-18.
Mendonca, K.C. (2009). "Appropriating the unspoken text: development discourse and Hmong women in Lao
People's Democratic Republic." Ed.D. Dissertation, University of San Francisco.
Vang, C.Y. (2009). "U.S. Cold War Policies in Laos and the Hmong, 1961-1975." In Toshihiko
Kishi and Yuka Tsuchiya (eds), De-Centering the Cultural Cold War: The US and Asia. Tokyo: Kokusai
Shoin.
Vang, C.Y. (2009). “Hmong Anti-Communism at Hmong and Abroad” In Ieva Zake (ed). (2009). Anti-
Communist Minorities in the U.S.: Political Activism of Ethnic Refugees. New York: Palgrave
Macmillan.
Vue, D.C. (2008). "The three eras of Hmong educational history in Laos: French colonial, Laotian
independence, and USAID, 1917--1975." PhD Dissertation, Capella University.
Lee, G.Y. (2007). “The Hmong Rebellion in Laos: Victims or Terrorists.” In A.T.H. Tan, Editor, A Handbook of
Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia. Northhampton, MA: Edward Elgar, pp. 352-373.
Lee, G.Y. (2005). "The Shaping of Traditions: Agriculture and Hmong Society" Hmong Studies Journal, Vol
6, 2005.
Lee, M.N.M. (2005). The dream of the Hmong kingdom: Resistance, collaboration, and legitimacy
under French colonialism (1893--1955). PhD Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Takeuchi S. (2005). Laos as Battlefield. Tokyo: Mekong Publishing.
Postert, C. (2004). “Completing or Competing? Contexts of Hmong Selfing/Othering in Laos.” In
Grammars of Identity/Alterity: A Structural Approach. Editors: Gerd Baumann and Andre Gingrich. New York:
Berghahn Books, pp. 101-111.
Lee, G.Y. (2004). "Transnational Adaptation: An Overview of the Hmong of Laos." In Tapp, N., Michaud, J.,
Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 441-456.
Yang, D. (2004). "Hmong Refugees from Laos: The Challenge of Social Change." In Tapp, N., Michaud, J.,
Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 477-486.
Ballard, B.M. (2003). “Refugee Reintegration in Rural Areas: Land Distribution in Ban Pha Thao, Lao
PDR.” Working Paper #18 Cambridge, Mass.: The Inter-University Committee on International Migration,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies (March 2003) 26 Pages. The work may
also be accessed online at: http://web.mit.edu/cis/www/migration/pubs/rrwp/18_land.pdf
Culas, C. (2000). Origins of the Hmong in Laos and Siam in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth
Centuries. From Turbulent Times and Enduring Peoples: Mountain Minorities in the Southeast Asian Massif, ed.
Jean Michaud. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press. pp. 29-50.
Kossikov, I. (2000). “Nationalities Policy in Modern Laos.” In Civility and Savagery: Social Identity in Tai
States. A. Turton, Ed. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 227-244.
Lee, M.N.M. (2000). Making the paramount chief: transformation of the Hmong clan leadership structure under
French colonial rule (1893-1960). M.A. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Mansfield, S. (2000). Lao Hill Tribes: Traditions and Patterns of Existence. London: Oxford University Press.
120 pages.
Davy, J. (1998) "Repatriation: How Safe Is It?" Hmong Studies Journal Vol. 2 No. 2.
Evans, G. (1998). The Politics of Ritual and Rememberance: Laos Since 1975. Honolulu: University of Hawaii
Press.
Mydans, S. (1997). Nomads of Laos: last leftovers of the Vietnam War. The New York Times March 12 146:
A3.
Ireson, C.J. (1996). Field, Forest, and Family: Women's Work and Power in Rural Laos. Boulder, CO:
Westview Press.
Jacobs, B.W. (1996). No-win situation: the plight of the Hmong--America's former ally. Boston College Third
World Law Journal. 16:139-66.
Giacchino-Baker, R. ed. (1995). Stories from Laos: Folktales and Cultures of the Lao, Hmong, Khammu and Iu-
Mien. El Monte, CA: Pacific Asia Press.
Bouapao, Lytou (1994). Perspective D’un Development Rural Durable: Le Cas Des Hmongs Du Laos (French
Text), MSC dissertation. Universite De Sherbrooke (Canada).
Dao, Y. (1993). Hmong at the Turning Point. Minneapolis, MN: World Bridge Associates Ltd.
Beemer, B.G. 1992. Hmong Political Behavior in Laos: An Analysis Using Hmong Culture and History.” Senior
Honors Thesis, Brandeis University.
Chantavanich, S. and others. (1992). The Lao Returnees in the Voluntary Repatriation Programme from
Thailand. Occasional Paper Series, no. 3. Bangkok: Indochinese Refugee Information Center, Institute of Asian
Studies, Chulalongkorn University, 1992.
Lewis, J. ed. (1992). Minority Cultures of Laos: Kammu, Lua, Lahu, Hmong and Iu-Mien. Rancho Cordova, CA:
Southeast Asia Community Resource Center.
Vang, P. (1992). "White Paper on Forced Repatriation of Hmong Refugees from Thailand to Laos." Denver:
Lao Human Rights Council.
Yang, D. (1992). “The Hmong: Enduring Traditions.” In Minority Cultures of Laos: Kammu, Lua’, Lahu, Hmong
and Mien, edited by J. Lewis, 249-326. Rancho Cordova, CA: Southeast Asian Community Resource Center,
Folsom Cordova Unified School District, 1992.
Vang, P. (1991). "White Paper on the Murders and Persecution of the Hmong and Laotian Returnees in Laos:
Submitted to the U.S. Congress and President." Denver: Lao Human Rights Council, 1991.
Gunn, G.C. (1990). Rebellion in Laos: Peasant and Politics in a Colonial Backwater. Boulder, CO: Westview
Press, 1990.
Karniol, R. (1990). “Laotian Resistance Emerges from Mist.” International Defense Review 23 (March 1990):
269-272.
Scott G.M. (1990). “Hmong Aspirations for a Separate State in Laos: The Effects of the Indochina War.” In
Secessionist Movements in Comparative Perspective.” Edited by R. Premdas, S.W.R. de A. Samsarasinghe and
Alan B. Anderson. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Xiong, L. (1990). “Hmong Role and Motivation in Support of the French and Americans in the Laotian Civil War,
1945-1975.” Master’s Thesis, Mankato State University
Waters, T. (1990). "Laotian Refugeeism, 1975-1988." In Patterns of Migration in Southeast Asia, edited by R.R.
Reed, 122-152. Berkeley: Centers for South and Southeast Asia Studies, International and Area Studies,
University of California at Berkeley.
Waters, T. (1990). "The Parameters of Refugeeism and Flight: The Case of Laos." Disasters: The Journal of
Disaster Studies and Management 14 (September 1990): 250-258.
Yang, D. (1990). "The Longest Migration." In Hmong Forum 1: 4-7.
Yang, P.K. (1990). “Hmong Involvement in Wars in Laos Before and After 1975.” Master’s Thesis, Mankato
State University.
Lee, G.Y. (1990). "Refugees from Laos: Historical Backgrounds and Causes." Paper reprinted at www.
hmongnet.org/hmong-au/ website. 15 p.
Lee, G.Y. (1987). “Ethnic Minorities and National-Building in Laos: the Hmong in the Lao State.” Peninsule 11-
12 (1987): 215-232.
Cooper, R. (1986). “The Hmong of Laos: Economic Factors in Refugee Exodus and Return.” In The Hmong in
Transition, ed. by G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing and A.S. Deinard, 23-40.
Xiong, M. and N.D. Donnelly. (1986). "My Life in Laos." In The Hmong World, Editors, Brenda Johns and David
Strecker, New Haven, CT: Council on Southeast Asia Studies, pp. 200-244.
Chagnon, J. and R. Rumpf (1983). “Decades of Division for the Lao Hmong.” Southeast Asia Chronicle 91
(October 1983): 10-15.
Lee, Gary Yia (1982). National Minority Policies and the Hmong. In Contemporary Laos: Studies in the Politics
and Society of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Martin Stuart-Fox, ed., pp. 199-219.
Vang Tou-Fu (1979). The Hmong of Laos. In An Introduction to Indochinese History, Culture, Language, and
Life, John Whitemore, ed. pp. 93-102. Ann Arbor: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of
Michigan.
Bertrais, Yves (1978). The Traditional Marriage Among the White Hmong of Thailand and Laos. Chiang Mai,
Thailand: Hmong Center.
Yang, Dao (1976). The Hmong of Laos in the Vanguard of Development. Translation of Les Hmong du Laos
Face au Developpement. Vientiane, Laos: Siasavath Publishers. National Technical Information Service, order
no. JPRS L/5562.
Yang, Dao (1975). Les Hmongs du Laos Face Au Developpement. Vientiane: Siaosavath Publishers.
Westermeyer, J. (1974). Opium Smoking in Laos: A Survey of 40 Addicts. American Journal of Pschiatry 131:
165-170.
Clark, R. B. (1973). Meo: Vietnam, Laos, Thailand and Burma. In Peoples of the Earth, pp. 92-97. Verona:
Danbury Press, Arnaldo Mondadori.
Lemoine, J. (1972). Les ecritures du Hmong. Bulletin des Amis du Royaume Lao, Vientiane 7-8: 123-165.
Lemoine, Jacques (1972). L’initiation du mort chez les Hmong. I. Le Chemin, II. Les themes, III. Les themes. L’
homme XII(1):105-134, XII(2):85-125, XII(3):84-110.
Lemoine, Jacques (1972). Un village Hmong Vert du haut Laos. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique. [301.9594 L544]
Ridenour, George Allen (1971). Rural Development in Laos and Governmental Relationships with the Meo
Ethnic Minority. Unpub M.S. Thesis, Cornell University.
Westermeyer, J. (1971). The Use of Alcohol and Opium among by the Meo of Laos. American Journal of
Psychiatry 127: 59-63.
Lyman, Thomas A. (1970). The “Mong” of Thailand vs. The “Hmong” of Laos, A Preliminary Research Sketch.
Asia Aakhanee: Southeast Asian Survey 2(3):26-28, March 1970.
Lyman, Thomas A. (1970). The Meo Tribesmen, A New Force in Laos in Laos. Asia Aakhanee: Southeast Asian
Survey 2(3):26-28, March 1970.
Westermeyer, J. (1968). The Use of Alcohol and Opium Among Two Ethnic Groups in Laos. Unpublished Master’
s Thesis, University of Minnesota.
Barney, G. Linwood (1967) The Meo of Xieng Khouang Province, Laos. In Southeast Asian Tribes, Minorities,
and Nations, Peter Kunstadler, ed. pp. 271-294. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Smalley, William A. (1956). The Gospel and the Cultures of Laos. Practical Anthropology 3(3):47-57.
Anonymous (1952) Dans les montagnes du Haut Laos: “Les curieuses tribus meos.” The French Union.
(Compiled by Mark E. Pfeifer, PhD)
Phengmala, K. et al. (2023). “Ethnobotany of Hmong ethnic groups in Bolikhamxay Province, Central Laos, PDR.” Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoka. 51(3): 1-20.
Souksakhone, S. & V. Vannasy. (2023). “The pattern of reasons why minority students drop out: An empirical study of the Hmong minority in Laos.” Hmong Studies Journal, 25: 1-30.
Inui, M. (2022). “Education Access and Continuity in Northern Laos: – A Comparative Study of the Hmong and Lanten Minorities.” Hmong Studies Journal, 24: 1-47.
Kobayashi, N., Bounithiphonh, C., Sichanthongthip, P., Phongoudome, C. and M. Hiratsuka. (2022). "Acceptance of New Land-Use Activities by Hmong and Khmu Ethnic Groups: A Case Study in Northern Lao People’s Democratic Republic." Forests. 13(8): 1-11.
Smith, T.J. (2021). "Traditional prenatal and postpartum food restrictions among women in northern Lao PDR." Maternal & Child Nutrition 18: 1-14.
Vue, P. (2018). Hmong Livelihood Strategies: Factors Affecting Hunting, Agriculture, and Non-timber Forest Product Collection in Central Laos. PhD Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Hillmer P. and M.A. Vang. (2017). "Commentary: Ignorance as Bias: Radiolab, Yellow Rain, and 'The Fact of the Matter.'" Hmong Studies Journal, Volume 18.
Inui, M. (2015). "Hmong Women and Education: Challenges for Empowerment in the Lao PDR." Hmong Studies Journal, Volume 16.
Baird, I.G. (2015). "Translocal Assemblages and the Circulation of the Concept of `Indigenous Peoples' in Laos." Political Geography 46: 54-64.
Baird,I.G. and P. Vue. (2015). "The Ties that Bind: The Role of Hmong Social Networks in Developing Small-scale Rubber Cultivation in Laos." Mobilities, DOI:10.1080/17450101.2015.1016821.
Lee, M.N. (2015). Dreams of the Hmong Kingdom: The Quest for Legitimation in French Indochina, 1850–1960. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Suwannarong K, Chapman RS, Lantican C, Michaelides T, Zimicki S (2015) Hunting, Food Preparation, and Consumption of Rodents in Lao PDR. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0133150. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133150
Whitney, C.W. et al. (2014). Conservation and Ethnobotanical Knowledge of a Hmong Community in Long Lan, Luang Prabang, Lao People's Democratic Republic. Ethnobotany Journal. 12: 1-16.
Michaud, J. and T. Forsyth. (2011). Moving Mountains: Ethnicity and Livelihoods in Highland China,
Vietnam and Laos. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Baird, I. (2010). "The Hmong Come to Southern Laos: Local Responses and the Creation of Racialized
Boundaries." Hmong Studies Journal 11: 1-38.
Michaud, J. (2010). “Handling Mountain Minorities in China, Vietnam and Laos: From History and
Current Concerns.” Asian Ethnicity 10(1): 25-49.
Xiong, C.W. (2010). A Critical Hermeneutic Approach to Hmong Leadership in the Lao PDR: Horizons of
Forgiveness and Action through Imagination in Community Development. PhD Dissertation, University of
San Francisco.
Lee, S. (2009). "Searching for the Hmong People’s Ethnic Homeland and Multiple Dimensions of Transnational
Longing: From the Viewpoint of the Hmong in Laos." Hmong Studies Journal, Volume 9: 1-18.
Mendonca, K.C. (2009). "Appropriating the unspoken text: development discourse and Hmong women in Lao
People's Democratic Republic." Ed.D. Dissertation, University of San Francisco.
Vang, C.Y. (2009). "U.S. Cold War Policies in Laos and the Hmong, 1961-1975." In Toshihiko
Kishi and Yuka Tsuchiya (eds), De-Centering the Cultural Cold War: The US and Asia. Tokyo: Kokusai
Shoin.
Vang, C.Y. (2009). “Hmong Anti-Communism at Hmong and Abroad” In Ieva Zake (ed). (2009). Anti-
Communist Minorities in the U.S.: Political Activism of Ethnic Refugees. New York: Palgrave
Macmillan.
Vue, D.C. (2008). "The three eras of Hmong educational history in Laos: French colonial, Laotian
independence, and USAID, 1917--1975." PhD Dissertation, Capella University.
Lee, G.Y. (2007). “The Hmong Rebellion in Laos: Victims or Terrorists.” In A.T.H. Tan, Editor, A Handbook of
Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia. Northhampton, MA: Edward Elgar, pp. 352-373.
Lee, G.Y. (2005). "The Shaping of Traditions: Agriculture and Hmong Society" Hmong Studies Journal, Vol
6, 2005.
Lee, M.N.M. (2005). The dream of the Hmong kingdom: Resistance, collaboration, and legitimacy
under French colonialism (1893--1955). PhD Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Takeuchi S. (2005). Laos as Battlefield. Tokyo: Mekong Publishing.
Postert, C. (2004). “Completing or Competing? Contexts of Hmong Selfing/Othering in Laos.” In
Grammars of Identity/Alterity: A Structural Approach. Editors: Gerd Baumann and Andre Gingrich. New York:
Berghahn Books, pp. 101-111.
Lee, G.Y. (2004). "Transnational Adaptation: An Overview of the Hmong of Laos." In Tapp, N., Michaud, J.,
Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 441-456.
Yang, D. (2004). "Hmong Refugees from Laos: The Challenge of Social Change." In Tapp, N., Michaud, J.,
Culas, C., and Lee, G.Y. (Editors). Hmong/Miao in Asia. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, pp. 477-486.
Ballard, B.M. (2003). “Refugee Reintegration in Rural Areas: Land Distribution in Ban Pha Thao, Lao
PDR.” Working Paper #18 Cambridge, Mass.: The Inter-University Committee on International Migration,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for International Studies (March 2003) 26 Pages. The work may
also be accessed online at: http://web.mit.edu/cis/www/migration/pubs/rrwp/18_land.pdf
Culas, C. (2000). Origins of the Hmong in Laos and Siam in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth
Centuries. From Turbulent Times and Enduring Peoples: Mountain Minorities in the Southeast Asian Massif, ed.
Jean Michaud. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press. pp. 29-50.
Kossikov, I. (2000). “Nationalities Policy in Modern Laos.” In Civility and Savagery: Social Identity in Tai
States. A. Turton, Ed. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 227-244.
Lee, M.N.M. (2000). Making the paramount chief: transformation of the Hmong clan leadership structure under
French colonial rule (1893-1960). M.A. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Mansfield, S. (2000). Lao Hill Tribes: Traditions and Patterns of Existence. London: Oxford University Press.
120 pages.
Davy, J. (1998) "Repatriation: How Safe Is It?" Hmong Studies Journal Vol. 2 No. 2.
Evans, G. (1998). The Politics of Ritual and Rememberance: Laos Since 1975. Honolulu: University of Hawaii
Press.
Mydans, S. (1997). Nomads of Laos: last leftovers of the Vietnam War. The New York Times March 12 146:
A3.
Ireson, C.J. (1996). Field, Forest, and Family: Women's Work and Power in Rural Laos. Boulder, CO:
Westview Press.
Jacobs, B.W. (1996). No-win situation: the plight of the Hmong--America's former ally. Boston College Third
World Law Journal. 16:139-66.
Giacchino-Baker, R. ed. (1995). Stories from Laos: Folktales and Cultures of the Lao, Hmong, Khammu and Iu-
Mien. El Monte, CA: Pacific Asia Press.
Bouapao, Lytou (1994). Perspective D’un Development Rural Durable: Le Cas Des Hmongs Du Laos (French
Text), MSC dissertation. Universite De Sherbrooke (Canada).
Dao, Y. (1993). Hmong at the Turning Point. Minneapolis, MN: World Bridge Associates Ltd.
Beemer, B.G. 1992. Hmong Political Behavior in Laos: An Analysis Using Hmong Culture and History.” Senior
Honors Thesis, Brandeis University.
Chantavanich, S. and others. (1992). The Lao Returnees in the Voluntary Repatriation Programme from
Thailand. Occasional Paper Series, no. 3. Bangkok: Indochinese Refugee Information Center, Institute of Asian
Studies, Chulalongkorn University, 1992.
Lewis, J. ed. (1992). Minority Cultures of Laos: Kammu, Lua, Lahu, Hmong and Iu-Mien. Rancho Cordova, CA:
Southeast Asia Community Resource Center.
Vang, P. (1992). "White Paper on Forced Repatriation of Hmong Refugees from Thailand to Laos." Denver:
Lao Human Rights Council.
Yang, D. (1992). “The Hmong: Enduring Traditions.” In Minority Cultures of Laos: Kammu, Lua’, Lahu, Hmong
and Mien, edited by J. Lewis, 249-326. Rancho Cordova, CA: Southeast Asian Community Resource Center,
Folsom Cordova Unified School District, 1992.
Vang, P. (1991). "White Paper on the Murders and Persecution of the Hmong and Laotian Returnees in Laos:
Submitted to the U.S. Congress and President." Denver: Lao Human Rights Council, 1991.
Gunn, G.C. (1990). Rebellion in Laos: Peasant and Politics in a Colonial Backwater. Boulder, CO: Westview
Press, 1990.
Karniol, R. (1990). “Laotian Resistance Emerges from Mist.” International Defense Review 23 (March 1990):
269-272.
Scott G.M. (1990). “Hmong Aspirations for a Separate State in Laos: The Effects of the Indochina War.” In
Secessionist Movements in Comparative Perspective.” Edited by R. Premdas, S.W.R. de A. Samsarasinghe and
Alan B. Anderson. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Xiong, L. (1990). “Hmong Role and Motivation in Support of the French and Americans in the Laotian Civil War,
1945-1975.” Master’s Thesis, Mankato State University
Waters, T. (1990). "Laotian Refugeeism, 1975-1988." In Patterns of Migration in Southeast Asia, edited by R.R.
Reed, 122-152. Berkeley: Centers for South and Southeast Asia Studies, International and Area Studies,
University of California at Berkeley.
Waters, T. (1990). "The Parameters of Refugeeism and Flight: The Case of Laos." Disasters: The Journal of
Disaster Studies and Management 14 (September 1990): 250-258.
Yang, D. (1990). "The Longest Migration." In Hmong Forum 1: 4-7.
Yang, P.K. (1990). “Hmong Involvement in Wars in Laos Before and After 1975.” Master’s Thesis, Mankato
State University.
Lee, G.Y. (1990). "Refugees from Laos: Historical Backgrounds and Causes." Paper reprinted at www.
hmongnet.org/hmong-au/ website. 15 p.
Lee, G.Y. (1987). “Ethnic Minorities and National-Building in Laos: the Hmong in the Lao State.” Peninsule 11-
12 (1987): 215-232.
Cooper, R. (1986). “The Hmong of Laos: Economic Factors in Refugee Exodus and Return.” In The Hmong in
Transition, ed. by G.L. Hendricks, B.T. Downing and A.S. Deinard, 23-40.
Xiong, M. and N.D. Donnelly. (1986). "My Life in Laos." In The Hmong World, Editors, Brenda Johns and David
Strecker, New Haven, CT: Council on Southeast Asia Studies, pp. 200-244.
Chagnon, J. and R. Rumpf (1983). “Decades of Division for the Lao Hmong.” Southeast Asia Chronicle 91
(October 1983): 10-15.
Lee, Gary Yia (1982). National Minority Policies and the Hmong. In Contemporary Laos: Studies in the Politics
and Society of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Martin Stuart-Fox, ed., pp. 199-219.
Vang Tou-Fu (1979). The Hmong of Laos. In An Introduction to Indochinese History, Culture, Language, and
Life, John Whitemore, ed. pp. 93-102. Ann Arbor: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of
Michigan.
Bertrais, Yves (1978). The Traditional Marriage Among the White Hmong of Thailand and Laos. Chiang Mai,
Thailand: Hmong Center.
Yang, Dao (1976). The Hmong of Laos in the Vanguard of Development. Translation of Les Hmong du Laos
Face au Developpement. Vientiane, Laos: Siasavath Publishers. National Technical Information Service, order
no. JPRS L/5562.
Yang, Dao (1975). Les Hmongs du Laos Face Au Developpement. Vientiane: Siaosavath Publishers.
Westermeyer, J. (1974). Opium Smoking in Laos: A Survey of 40 Addicts. American Journal of Pschiatry 131:
165-170.
Clark, R. B. (1973). Meo: Vietnam, Laos, Thailand and Burma. In Peoples of the Earth, pp. 92-97. Verona:
Danbury Press, Arnaldo Mondadori.
Lemoine, J. (1972). Les ecritures du Hmong. Bulletin des Amis du Royaume Lao, Vientiane 7-8: 123-165.
Lemoine, Jacques (1972). L’initiation du mort chez les Hmong. I. Le Chemin, II. Les themes, III. Les themes. L’
homme XII(1):105-134, XII(2):85-125, XII(3):84-110.
Lemoine, Jacques (1972). Un village Hmong Vert du haut Laos. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique. [301.9594 L544]
Ridenour, George Allen (1971). Rural Development in Laos and Governmental Relationships with the Meo
Ethnic Minority. Unpub M.S. Thesis, Cornell University.
Westermeyer, J. (1971). The Use of Alcohol and Opium among by the Meo of Laos. American Journal of
Psychiatry 127: 59-63.
Lyman, Thomas A. (1970). The “Mong” of Thailand vs. The “Hmong” of Laos, A Preliminary Research Sketch.
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