HMONG STUDIES NEWSLETTER, Winter 2016
ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION: The Hmong Studies Newsletter has since 2001 provided a very consistent source of up-to-date information about new works in Hmong Studies and Hmong-related research resources. To access back issues of this online publication dating back to 2001 visit: http://www.hmongstudiesjournal.org/hmong-studies-newsletter.html
Hmong Studies Newsletter Editor: Mark E. Pfeifer, PhD
ABOUT THE HMONG STUDIES INTERNET RESOURCE CENTER:
The Hmong Studies Internet Resource Center (www.hmongstudies.org) is the online home of the Hmong Studies Journal academic journal. This unique scholarly site also contains extensive bibliographies in Hmong Studies as well as census data and an online research paper library.
Many of the Hmong Studies articles, books and dissertations listed in this newsletter and on the website may be found at the Hmong Resource Center Library (www.hmonglibrary.org) at the Hmong Cultural Center in Saint Paul, the largest depository of Hmong Studies academic journal articles and graduate theses and dissertations in the United States.
ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION: The Hmong Studies Newsletter has since 2001 provided a very consistent source of up-to-date information about new works in Hmong Studies and Hmong-related research resources. To access back issues of this online publication dating back to 2001 visit: http://www.hmongstudiesjournal.org/hmong-studies-newsletter.html
Hmong Studies Newsletter Editor: Mark E. Pfeifer, PhD
ABOUT THE HMONG STUDIES INTERNET RESOURCE CENTER:
The Hmong Studies Internet Resource Center (www.hmongstudies.org) is the online home of the Hmong Studies Journal academic journal. This unique scholarly site also contains extensive bibliographies in Hmong Studies as well as census data and an online research paper library.
Many of the Hmong Studies articles, books and dissertations listed in this newsletter and on the website may be found at the Hmong Resource Center Library (www.hmonglibrary.org) at the Hmong Cultural Center in Saint Paul, the largest depository of Hmong Studies academic journal articles and graduate theses and dissertations in the United States.
NEW WORKS IN HMONG STUDIES:
Books/Theses/Reports
Che Cha and Pao Lor. (2015). Former Hmong Refugees in Sacramento County: Perceptions of their Acculturation and Assimilation Issues. M.A. Project, California State University, Sacramento. Location: Sacramento, California. Acculturation can be defined as transformations people experience as a result of contact with culturally different perceptions and when two or more cultures come in contact. Assimilation can be defined as a process of boundary reduction that can occur in which persons of diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds interact. This graduate research project explored acculturation and assimilation difficulties of former Hmong refugees in Sacramento County, California. Former Hmong refugees that attended the Sacramento Hmong New Year were recruited as sample subjects. Findings indicated that 65.7% the former refugee received some type of education besides English as a Second Language (ESL) classes, and 34.3% did not receive any education.Read this study online here: https://csus-dspace.calstate.edu/handle/10211.3/138625
Linda A. Gerdner and Shoua V. Xiong. (2015). Demystifying Hmong Shamanism: Practice and Use. Boulder, CO: Bauu Institute. Demystifying Hmong Shamanism provides a comprehensive discussion of shamanism as practiced and experienced by Hmong Americans. A broad range of case examples are discussed that not only represent the initiation and maintenance of the shaman's practice, but also a variety of ceremonies performed to promote spiritual health and well-being across the life span. Case examples are described in detail and presented within a real-life context. Shamanism as practiced in the United States remains consistent with that practiced in their homeland of Laos, with minor adaptations as described throughout the text. Learn more about this new volume here:
Ducha Hang. (2015). I am a "Hmong American": An Exploration of the Experiences of Hmong Students in College. M.A. Thesis, University of Rhode Island. The goal of this graduate research study was to describe how Hmong students make sense of their college experiences from their perspectives by examining two research questions: How do Hmong students make sense of their experiences in college? What contexts and situations influence the experiences and success of Hmong students in college? The researcher uses a phenomenological approach consisting of in-depth interviews with Hmong students from a New England college and Hmong individuals who have graduated from college. Ready this study online here: http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/oa_diss/308/
Kaying Her. (2015). Hmong Parent Involvement through Shared Reading. M.A. Thesis, California State University, Sacramento. The purpose of this graduate study conducted in California was to assess the impact of parent involvement workshops and training on Hmong-speaking parents’ participation in their child’s education at home. A series of 9 workshops focused on various forms of reading comprehension instruction were implemented through shared reading provided in English and/or Hmong. The methods used by Hmong parents during reading to help their child were examined as well as if access to reading strategies in their primary language impacted the support they provided their children in reading. Communication between the home and school were also examined to see if there was an increase in communication after participating in the workshops. View this thesis online here: http://csus-dspace.calstate.edu/handle/10211.3/143709
Nicole L. Mieke. (2015). What is a good girl? The Evolution of Feminine Identity in the American Hmong Community. MA Thesis, California State University, Sacramento. The author of this graduate study conducted in California examines how Hmong women have increasingly opted to delay marriage and child-bearing in favor of education over the past several decades. The relationship of these changes to Hmong American feminine identity are also assessed. Read this study online here: http://csus-dspace.calstate.edu/handle/10211.3/138465
Nalee Moua. (2015). The Missing Voice of Hmong Parents: Studying Supports and Obstacles to Parent-School Communication. M.A. Thesis, Washington State University. Parental involvement continues to be a topic of interest among many teachers and school administrators. The purpose of this graduate thesis was to gain an in-depth understanding of the Hmong community and the obstacles and barriers that may hinder their involvement in their child’s education as well as the support they may have received that helped increase their involvement. Read this study online here:
http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2015/n_moua_051115.pdf
Nalee Thao See. (2015). An exploration of Hmong lexical adverbs, aspects, and moods. M.A. Thesis, California State University, Fresno. This graduate study attempts to identify and classify lexical adverbs, aspects, and moods in Hmong, a Hmong-Mien language spoken in China, Southeast Asia, and the United States. In addition, the researcher provides a description of the placements of Hmong lexical adverbs, aspects, and moods. A lexical/functional diagnostics test will be applied to seven adverb-like Hmong morphemes to see whether they are lexical or functional categories. Once identified, the ordering of these elements will be tested against Cinque’s universal hierarchy of clausal functional projections. The researcher also aims to provide a more in-depth study of lexical adverbs, aspects, and moods in Hmong, in hopes of contributing to the study of the Hmong language as well as the study of adverbs, aspects, and moods in general. View this thesis online here: http://cdmweb.lib.csufresno.edu/cdm/ref/collection/thes/id/130044
Xeng Thao (2015). Academic Achievement of Hmong Students at Sacramento State University. M.A. Thesis, California State University, Sacramento. This research project examines the academic attainment and achievement disparity in higher education among Hmong students. The purpose of this graduate project was to identify the disparity and attribute to factors that impact the unequal attainment rates of college degrees between the two genders at California State University, Sacramento. Theories such as ecological, resilience, and self-determination aids the study in understanding how education can be used as an empowerment tool for Hmong women who come from a traditionally patriarchal society. Out of the 326 Hmong students who graduated from Summer 2012 to Spring 2014 at the studied university, Hmong females graduated nearly twice (61.7%) compared to Hmong males at 38.3%. Read this study online here: http://csus-dspace.calstate.edu/handle/10211.3/138775
Linda Vang. (2015). The impact of culture and acculturation on the academic achievement of Hmong American college students. Ed.D Dissertation, California State University, Fresno. The objective of this research study was to determine the extent to which cultural factors and acculturation impact the academic achievement of Hmong American college students as measured by their grade point averages. Using a mix-methods approach that was grounded in theories of social identity and cultural capital, the researcher gathered data from Hmong students residing in California, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. The quantitative and qualitative data include students’ perceptions of their family, cultural heritage, and native language fluency, as well as students’ experiences in academia. Findings reveal that certain factors within culture and acculturation, such as family and perceptions of gender, do impact the academic performance of Hmong college students. Read this study online here: http://cdmweb.lib.csufresno.edu/cdm/ref/collection/thes/id/134514
Pa Nhia Xiong. (2015). Resiliency among Hmong Women Who Were Teen Mothers. M.A. Thesis, California State University, Fresno. Hmong teen mothers have endured many hardships throughout their lives, including financial and educational struggles along with cultural dilemma. This graduate study was an in-depth qualitative research on the lived experiences of 10 Hmong women who were teen mothers between the ages of 13 to 20. This study focused on the adolescent mothers’ experiences and how the role of young motherhood has shaped their lives and impacted their educational and career attainments. This study attempts to the positive outcomes of Hmong women who were teen mothers and provided a deeper understanding of how these women became resilient despite adversities in life. In order to better understand them and capture their resiliency, all of the participants were asked to share their unique life stories through their own perspectives. Read this study online here: http://cdmweb.lib.csufresno.edu/cdm/ref/collection/thes/id/130644
Vicki Xiong-Lor. (2015). Current Hmong Perceptions of their Speaking, Reading, and Writing Ability and Cultural Values as Related to Language and Cultural Maintenance. E.d.D Dissertation, California State University, Fresno. The purpose of this graduate study was to investigate the current perceptions held by Hmong people ages 18 and older about the Hmong language and whether or not it should and could be maintained and passed on to future generations. A sequential mixed methods design was used to collect the data. Findings showed that respondents perceived the Hmong language as important and would like to see it preserved for future generations. View this study online here: http://cdmweb.lib.csufresno.edu/cdm/ref/collection/thes/id/136144
Academic Journal Articles/Other
Bente Castro Campos. (2015) Miaoicization vis-à-vis sinicization: contrasting Miao subgroups in contemporary China, Asian Ethnicity, 16:4, 516-537. This article studies the Miao classification as an example to examine the minzu shibie project initiated by the Chinese Communist Party after 1949. The Miao classification that originates with the minzu shibie project can be defined as a process of miaoicization; however, the author argues that it is not a unified Miao group (as projected by the classification team) that has emerged but rather one dominant Miao subgroup that defines the official Miao category in contemporary China. At the moment, the researcher posits that the most dominant Miao subgroup in terms of power and representation is the Hmu group in Southeast Guizhou.
Qiong Chen et al. (2015). Correlations between children’s exposure to ethnic produce and their healthy dietary behaviors. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 17(2):383-388. This research study examined relationships between children’s ethnic produce exposure and healthy dietary practices among Latino, Hmong and non-Hispanic white children. One hundred Latino, 100 Hmong, and 92 non-Hispanic white parents of children ages 5–8 years old in northern California completed a cross-sectional survey. Children’s exposure to ethnic produce from Hmong and Latino cultures, overall fruit and vegetable consumption, and fast food and ethnic restaurant use were measured.
Kathleen Culhane-Pera, K. et al. (2015). Afraid of Delivering at the Hospital or Afraid of Delivering at Home: A Qualitative Study of Thai Hmong Families’ Decision-Making About Maternity Services. Journal of Maternal Child Health 19:2384–2392. The researchers observe that Thailand has high rates of maternity services; both antenatal care (ANC) and hospital delivery are widely used by its citizens. A recent Northern Thailand survey showed that Hmong women used maternity services at lower rates. The authors' objectives in this study were to identify Hmong families’ socio-cultural reasons for using and not using maternity services, and suggest ways to improve Hmong women’s use of maternity services.
Rebecca Kinney. (2015). The auto-mobility of Gran Torino’s American immigrant dream: cars, class and whiteness in Detroit’s post-industrial cityscape. Race and Class 57(1): 51-66. The author of this article argues that Clint Eastwood’s 2008 film Gran Torino presents a regeneration of the myth of the American Immigrant Dream through the trope of auto-mobility, a conceptual shorthand for self-reliance and class mobility. Rather than reading the film as an embrace of multicultural America, as many of its reviewers do, the researcher argues that the film operates to redeploy the idea of collective American immigrant identity through a reaffirmation in the ‘possessive investment in whiteness’. In particular, an analysis of the mobility implied between non-white centre city and the white Detroit suburban periphery, ultimately suggests that the typical paradigm of the American Dream – job, car, house – is possible for immigrants and people of colour, but only through a literal departure from the poor, inner city, which is represented as simultaneously pathological and non-white.
Yvonnne Y. Kwan. (2015). Microaggressions and Hmong American Students, Bilingual Research Journal, 38:1, 23-44. This research identifies how anti-immigrant sentiment and racism, which have historically been reflected and transmitted through nativist language policies and school curriculum, affect second-linguistic-generation Hmong Americans—not via overtly xenophobic and discriminatory acts
but via subtle yet hurtful racial microaggressions. Interviews with 19 Hmong American college
students from diverse regions in California show that participants experienced the following racial
microaggressions: Objectification and Assumed Inadequacy. Such microlevel experiences, as shaped
and structured by macrolevel processes, ultimately affected Hmong Americans’ views on Hmong
cultural communication practices and heritage language.
Kao Nou L. Moua & Pa Der Vang (2015) Constructing “Hmong American Youth”: A Critical Discourse Analysis of 25 Years of Academic Literature on Hmong American Youth, Child & Youth Services, 36:1, 16-29. Hmong American youth have been in the United States for 40 years, and yet research still suggests a binary portrayal of their experiences—model minorities or struggling delinquents. In this study, the researchers used critical discourse analysis to examine academic literature and the construction of “Hmong American youth." The authors examine academic literature discursive practices and power in situating the discourse on Hmong American youth and shaping practices and policies. Using critical discourse analysis, the authors call attention to academic literature and its power, and challenge researchers to reconstruct a more complex discourse of Hmong American youth that captures their histories, possibilities, and desires.
Bic Ngo, & Melissa Kwon (2015) A Glimpse of Family Acceptance for Queer Hmong Youth, Journal of LGBT Youth, 12:2, 212-231.This article utilizes in-depth qualitative interviews with two LGBT Hmong immigrant youth to assess the role of experiences of family care, support, and acceptance. It offers an alternative to discourses of family rejection. It illustrates the ways in which Hmong youth are constructing queer identities while maintaining close relationships to blood family. Ultimately, the researchers' findings suggest that for LGBT Hmong American youth, identity negotiations are perhaps less about an outward journey of self-realization and more about an interpersonal journey where “going home” is possible and paramount.
Tam T. Ngo. 2015. Protestant conversion and social conflict: The case of the Hmong in contemporary Vietnam. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, No. 46(2), pp. 274-292. This article analyses the social implications of the recent mass conversions to Protestantism by one-third of the one million Hmong in Vietnam. The conversions have been condemned by the Vietnamese state, while being understood by international human rights activists as acts of conscience on the part of the Hmong converts. The researcher article focuses on the internal debate and divisions surrounding conversion among the Hmong themselves. The converts believe that Protestantism is the only way to alter the ethnic group's marginal status in Vietnam while the unconverted Hmong see conversion as a betrayal of Hmong ethnicity. The researcher observers that such conflicting views have been causing deep fractures in Hmong society.
Michael Rios and Joshua Watkins. (2015). Beyond “Place”: Translocal Placemaking of the Hmong Diaspora. Journal of Planning Education and Research Vol. 35(2) 209–219. For many migrants and refugees, place provides a common sense of territorial identity despite these groups having roots elsewhere. Using the case of the Hmong diaspora, the authors of this California-based study call for a reconsideration of how place is theorized in planning and introduces the term “translocal placemaking” to better reflect new social formations and the overdetermination of locality. The researchers argue that this relational conception of place captures the complexity of spatial and temporal relations as locales are not isolated from one another and draws attention to the various entanglements that historically shape spatial practices including the memories and ties to extralocal places.
Abigail Roche. (2015). “Bonding” and “bridging” social and cultural capitals: perceived factors associated with family eating practices among Hmong, Latino and white mothers and fathers.Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 47(6): 540-547.The authors of this study examined perceived social and cultural capitals associated with family eating practices among Hmong, Latino, and white mothers and fathers. Six focus groups composed of 52 Hmong, Latino, and white mothers and fathers of young children were conducted to examine parental perceptions of social and cultural capitals associated with eating practices. The researchers observed that while Hmong participants unanimously emphasized the healthfulness of their traditional food, Latino groups had divergent views on their traditional foods’ healthfulness. Hmong parents highly valued their traditional foods whereas white and Latino mothers were more accepting of new foods from other cultures. Participants noted divergent views on gender roles in family eating practices and food culture preservation efforts.
Shannon M. Sparks, and Pang C. Vang. (2015). The Development of the Milwaukee Consortium for Hmong Health: Capacity Building Through Direct Community Engagement. Progress in Community Health Partnership. 2015 Autumn; 9(3):405-12. This article describes the establishment and community engagement efforts of the Milwaukee Consortium for Hmong Health, established in 2008 to build capacity to investigate and address barriers to screening and cancer care. Methods. The Consortium facilitated a series of three community dialogues to explore with community members effective ways to overcome barriers to accessing screening and cancer care.
Kanokwan Suwannarong et al. (2015). Hunting, Food Preparation, and Consumption of Rodents in Lao PDR. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0133150. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133150. This article describes a cross-sectional study that was conducted in 29 villages of Khamkeuth District in Bolikhamxay Province in the Lao PDR during March to May 2013. The study aimed to determine the characteristics associated with rodent consumption and related behaviors among different ethnic groups, ages, and genders. Five-hundred-eighty-four (584) males and females from 18-50 years of age participated in this study. Half of them were Hmong (292, 50%) while 152 respondents were Lao-Tai (26%) or other ethnic groups (140, 24%). Most of the respondents (79.5%) had farming as their main occupation. Prevalences of the studied outcomes were high: 39.9 for hunting or capturing rodents in the previous year, 77.7% for preparing rodents as food, and 86.3% for rodent consumption.
Sarah Turner and Natalie Oswin. (2015). Itinerant Livelihoods: Street Vending-Scapes and the Politics of Mobility in Upland Socialist Vietnam. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 36(2015): 394-410.This paper examines the politics of mobility for a group of rural inhabitants attempting to diversify their livelihoods in an especially prescribed environment, namely ethnic minority street vendors living and working in upland socialist Vietnam. These Hmong, Yao and Giáy individuals face a political environment where access and trade rights shift on a near-daily basis because of the impulses of state officials, and where ethnicity is central to determining who gets to be mobile and how. The authors analyse three groups of itinerant vendors—those vending on the streets of an upland tourist town, the mobile minority wholesalers who supply them and other traders, and vendors who trek with Western tourists—to reveal the nature of this trade environment, while also highlighting the ways in which ethnic minority vendors negotiate, work around and contest vending restrictions in numerous innovative ways. The researchers argue that this focus on the microgeographies and everyday politics of mobility is essential to understanding how rural Global South livelihoods are fashioned and diversified, in this case revealing specific relationships and negotiations regarding resource access, ethnicity, state authority and livelihood strategies.
Zoua Vang, et al. (2015). Preterm birth among the hmong, other Asian subgroups and non-hispanic whites in California. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2015) 15:184.The authors of this study investigated very preterm (VPTB) and preterm birth (PTB) risk among Hmong women relative to non-Hispanic whites and other Asian subgroups. The researchers also examined the maternal education health gradient across subgroups. California birth record data (2002–2004) were used to analyze 568,652 singleton births to white and Asian women. Pearson Chi-square and logistic regression were used to assess variation in maternal characteristics and VPTB/ PTB risk by subgroup. Studies of Hmong infant health from the 1980s, the decade immediately following the group’s mass migration to the US, found no significant differences in adverse birth outcomes between Hmong and white women. By the early 2000s, however, the disparities in VPTB and PTB between Hmong and white women, as well as between Hmong and other Asian women had become substantial. Moreover
Se-Hyoung Yi. (2015). Democratic Inclusion and “Suffering Together” in The Eumenides. Duality of Immigrants. Political Theory 43(1): 30–53. Drawing upon the dual status of the Eumenides as metics who were neither included in nor excluded from Athenian democratic politics, the author of this essay attempts to bring the last scene of The Eumenides to contemporary political settings to examine the duality of immigrants—that is, the tension between political citizenship and cultural foreignness—in our liberal society. The author concludes that the controversial bride kidnapping cases among Hmong immigrants show that the liberal regulative principles such as reciprocity and mutual respect cannot work in the context of powerful and irreconcilable cultural and moral conflicts, which go beyond the line that we can tolerate in the name of cultural diversity. Rather, the author of the essay focuses on the Athenian citizens’ and the Eumenides’ courageous decision to suffer together, not merely to live together, in an attempt to find a new possibility of democratic coexistence.
Books/Theses/Reports
Che Cha and Pao Lor. (2015). Former Hmong Refugees in Sacramento County: Perceptions of their Acculturation and Assimilation Issues. M.A. Project, California State University, Sacramento. Location: Sacramento, California. Acculturation can be defined as transformations people experience as a result of contact with culturally different perceptions and when two or more cultures come in contact. Assimilation can be defined as a process of boundary reduction that can occur in which persons of diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds interact. This graduate research project explored acculturation and assimilation difficulties of former Hmong refugees in Sacramento County, California. Former Hmong refugees that attended the Sacramento Hmong New Year were recruited as sample subjects. Findings indicated that 65.7% the former refugee received some type of education besides English as a Second Language (ESL) classes, and 34.3% did not receive any education.Read this study online here: https://csus-dspace.calstate.edu/handle/10211.3/138625
Linda A. Gerdner and Shoua V. Xiong. (2015). Demystifying Hmong Shamanism: Practice and Use. Boulder, CO: Bauu Institute. Demystifying Hmong Shamanism provides a comprehensive discussion of shamanism as practiced and experienced by Hmong Americans. A broad range of case examples are discussed that not only represent the initiation and maintenance of the shaman's practice, but also a variety of ceremonies performed to promote spiritual health and well-being across the life span. Case examples are described in detail and presented within a real-life context. Shamanism as practiced in the United States remains consistent with that practiced in their homeland of Laos, with minor adaptations as described throughout the text. Learn more about this new volume here:
Ducha Hang. (2015). I am a "Hmong American": An Exploration of the Experiences of Hmong Students in College. M.A. Thesis, University of Rhode Island. The goal of this graduate research study was to describe how Hmong students make sense of their college experiences from their perspectives by examining two research questions: How do Hmong students make sense of their experiences in college? What contexts and situations influence the experiences and success of Hmong students in college? The researcher uses a phenomenological approach consisting of in-depth interviews with Hmong students from a New England college and Hmong individuals who have graduated from college. Ready this study online here: http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/oa_diss/308/
Kaying Her. (2015). Hmong Parent Involvement through Shared Reading. M.A. Thesis, California State University, Sacramento. The purpose of this graduate study conducted in California was to assess the impact of parent involvement workshops and training on Hmong-speaking parents’ participation in their child’s education at home. A series of 9 workshops focused on various forms of reading comprehension instruction were implemented through shared reading provided in English and/or Hmong. The methods used by Hmong parents during reading to help their child were examined as well as if access to reading strategies in their primary language impacted the support they provided their children in reading. Communication between the home and school were also examined to see if there was an increase in communication after participating in the workshops. View this thesis online here: http://csus-dspace.calstate.edu/handle/10211.3/143709
Nicole L. Mieke. (2015). What is a good girl? The Evolution of Feminine Identity in the American Hmong Community. MA Thesis, California State University, Sacramento. The author of this graduate study conducted in California examines how Hmong women have increasingly opted to delay marriage and child-bearing in favor of education over the past several decades. The relationship of these changes to Hmong American feminine identity are also assessed. Read this study online here: http://csus-dspace.calstate.edu/handle/10211.3/138465
Nalee Moua. (2015). The Missing Voice of Hmong Parents: Studying Supports and Obstacles to Parent-School Communication. M.A. Thesis, Washington State University. Parental involvement continues to be a topic of interest among many teachers and school administrators. The purpose of this graduate thesis was to gain an in-depth understanding of the Hmong community and the obstacles and barriers that may hinder their involvement in their child’s education as well as the support they may have received that helped increase their involvement. Read this study online here:
http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2015/n_moua_051115.pdf
Nalee Thao See. (2015). An exploration of Hmong lexical adverbs, aspects, and moods. M.A. Thesis, California State University, Fresno. This graduate study attempts to identify and classify lexical adverbs, aspects, and moods in Hmong, a Hmong-Mien language spoken in China, Southeast Asia, and the United States. In addition, the researcher provides a description of the placements of Hmong lexical adverbs, aspects, and moods. A lexical/functional diagnostics test will be applied to seven adverb-like Hmong morphemes to see whether they are lexical or functional categories. Once identified, the ordering of these elements will be tested against Cinque’s universal hierarchy of clausal functional projections. The researcher also aims to provide a more in-depth study of lexical adverbs, aspects, and moods in Hmong, in hopes of contributing to the study of the Hmong language as well as the study of adverbs, aspects, and moods in general. View this thesis online here: http://cdmweb.lib.csufresno.edu/cdm/ref/collection/thes/id/130044
Xeng Thao (2015). Academic Achievement of Hmong Students at Sacramento State University. M.A. Thesis, California State University, Sacramento. This research project examines the academic attainment and achievement disparity in higher education among Hmong students. The purpose of this graduate project was to identify the disparity and attribute to factors that impact the unequal attainment rates of college degrees between the two genders at California State University, Sacramento. Theories such as ecological, resilience, and self-determination aids the study in understanding how education can be used as an empowerment tool for Hmong women who come from a traditionally patriarchal society. Out of the 326 Hmong students who graduated from Summer 2012 to Spring 2014 at the studied university, Hmong females graduated nearly twice (61.7%) compared to Hmong males at 38.3%. Read this study online here: http://csus-dspace.calstate.edu/handle/10211.3/138775
Linda Vang. (2015). The impact of culture and acculturation on the academic achievement of Hmong American college students. Ed.D Dissertation, California State University, Fresno. The objective of this research study was to determine the extent to which cultural factors and acculturation impact the academic achievement of Hmong American college students as measured by their grade point averages. Using a mix-methods approach that was grounded in theories of social identity and cultural capital, the researcher gathered data from Hmong students residing in California, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. The quantitative and qualitative data include students’ perceptions of their family, cultural heritage, and native language fluency, as well as students’ experiences in academia. Findings reveal that certain factors within culture and acculturation, such as family and perceptions of gender, do impact the academic performance of Hmong college students. Read this study online here: http://cdmweb.lib.csufresno.edu/cdm/ref/collection/thes/id/134514
Pa Nhia Xiong. (2015). Resiliency among Hmong Women Who Were Teen Mothers. M.A. Thesis, California State University, Fresno. Hmong teen mothers have endured many hardships throughout their lives, including financial and educational struggles along with cultural dilemma. This graduate study was an in-depth qualitative research on the lived experiences of 10 Hmong women who were teen mothers between the ages of 13 to 20. This study focused on the adolescent mothers’ experiences and how the role of young motherhood has shaped their lives and impacted their educational and career attainments. This study attempts to the positive outcomes of Hmong women who were teen mothers and provided a deeper understanding of how these women became resilient despite adversities in life. In order to better understand them and capture their resiliency, all of the participants were asked to share their unique life stories through their own perspectives. Read this study online here: http://cdmweb.lib.csufresno.edu/cdm/ref/collection/thes/id/130644
Vicki Xiong-Lor. (2015). Current Hmong Perceptions of their Speaking, Reading, and Writing Ability and Cultural Values as Related to Language and Cultural Maintenance. E.d.D Dissertation, California State University, Fresno. The purpose of this graduate study was to investigate the current perceptions held by Hmong people ages 18 and older about the Hmong language and whether or not it should and could be maintained and passed on to future generations. A sequential mixed methods design was used to collect the data. Findings showed that respondents perceived the Hmong language as important and would like to see it preserved for future generations. View this study online here: http://cdmweb.lib.csufresno.edu/cdm/ref/collection/thes/id/136144
Academic Journal Articles/Other
Bente Castro Campos. (2015) Miaoicization vis-à-vis sinicization: contrasting Miao subgroups in contemporary China, Asian Ethnicity, 16:4, 516-537. This article studies the Miao classification as an example to examine the minzu shibie project initiated by the Chinese Communist Party after 1949. The Miao classification that originates with the minzu shibie project can be defined as a process of miaoicization; however, the author argues that it is not a unified Miao group (as projected by the classification team) that has emerged but rather one dominant Miao subgroup that defines the official Miao category in contemporary China. At the moment, the researcher posits that the most dominant Miao subgroup in terms of power and representation is the Hmu group in Southeast Guizhou.
Qiong Chen et al. (2015). Correlations between children’s exposure to ethnic produce and their healthy dietary behaviors. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 17(2):383-388. This research study examined relationships between children’s ethnic produce exposure and healthy dietary practices among Latino, Hmong and non-Hispanic white children. One hundred Latino, 100 Hmong, and 92 non-Hispanic white parents of children ages 5–8 years old in northern California completed a cross-sectional survey. Children’s exposure to ethnic produce from Hmong and Latino cultures, overall fruit and vegetable consumption, and fast food and ethnic restaurant use were measured.
Kathleen Culhane-Pera, K. et al. (2015). Afraid of Delivering at the Hospital or Afraid of Delivering at Home: A Qualitative Study of Thai Hmong Families’ Decision-Making About Maternity Services. Journal of Maternal Child Health 19:2384–2392. The researchers observe that Thailand has high rates of maternity services; both antenatal care (ANC) and hospital delivery are widely used by its citizens. A recent Northern Thailand survey showed that Hmong women used maternity services at lower rates. The authors' objectives in this study were to identify Hmong families’ socio-cultural reasons for using and not using maternity services, and suggest ways to improve Hmong women’s use of maternity services.
Rebecca Kinney. (2015). The auto-mobility of Gran Torino’s American immigrant dream: cars, class and whiteness in Detroit’s post-industrial cityscape. Race and Class 57(1): 51-66. The author of this article argues that Clint Eastwood’s 2008 film Gran Torino presents a regeneration of the myth of the American Immigrant Dream through the trope of auto-mobility, a conceptual shorthand for self-reliance and class mobility. Rather than reading the film as an embrace of multicultural America, as many of its reviewers do, the researcher argues that the film operates to redeploy the idea of collective American immigrant identity through a reaffirmation in the ‘possessive investment in whiteness’. In particular, an analysis of the mobility implied between non-white centre city and the white Detroit suburban periphery, ultimately suggests that the typical paradigm of the American Dream – job, car, house – is possible for immigrants and people of colour, but only through a literal departure from the poor, inner city, which is represented as simultaneously pathological and non-white.
Yvonnne Y. Kwan. (2015). Microaggressions and Hmong American Students, Bilingual Research Journal, 38:1, 23-44. This research identifies how anti-immigrant sentiment and racism, which have historically been reflected and transmitted through nativist language policies and school curriculum, affect second-linguistic-generation Hmong Americans—not via overtly xenophobic and discriminatory acts
but via subtle yet hurtful racial microaggressions. Interviews with 19 Hmong American college
students from diverse regions in California show that participants experienced the following racial
microaggressions: Objectification and Assumed Inadequacy. Such microlevel experiences, as shaped
and structured by macrolevel processes, ultimately affected Hmong Americans’ views on Hmong
cultural communication practices and heritage language.
Kao Nou L. Moua & Pa Der Vang (2015) Constructing “Hmong American Youth”: A Critical Discourse Analysis of 25 Years of Academic Literature on Hmong American Youth, Child & Youth Services, 36:1, 16-29. Hmong American youth have been in the United States for 40 years, and yet research still suggests a binary portrayal of their experiences—model minorities or struggling delinquents. In this study, the researchers used critical discourse analysis to examine academic literature and the construction of “Hmong American youth." The authors examine academic literature discursive practices and power in situating the discourse on Hmong American youth and shaping practices and policies. Using critical discourse analysis, the authors call attention to academic literature and its power, and challenge researchers to reconstruct a more complex discourse of Hmong American youth that captures their histories, possibilities, and desires.
Bic Ngo, & Melissa Kwon (2015) A Glimpse of Family Acceptance for Queer Hmong Youth, Journal of LGBT Youth, 12:2, 212-231.This article utilizes in-depth qualitative interviews with two LGBT Hmong immigrant youth to assess the role of experiences of family care, support, and acceptance. It offers an alternative to discourses of family rejection. It illustrates the ways in which Hmong youth are constructing queer identities while maintaining close relationships to blood family. Ultimately, the researchers' findings suggest that for LGBT Hmong American youth, identity negotiations are perhaps less about an outward journey of self-realization and more about an interpersonal journey where “going home” is possible and paramount.
Tam T. Ngo. 2015. Protestant conversion and social conflict: The case of the Hmong in contemporary Vietnam. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, No. 46(2), pp. 274-292. This article analyses the social implications of the recent mass conversions to Protestantism by one-third of the one million Hmong in Vietnam. The conversions have been condemned by the Vietnamese state, while being understood by international human rights activists as acts of conscience on the part of the Hmong converts. The researcher article focuses on the internal debate and divisions surrounding conversion among the Hmong themselves. The converts believe that Protestantism is the only way to alter the ethnic group's marginal status in Vietnam while the unconverted Hmong see conversion as a betrayal of Hmong ethnicity. The researcher observers that such conflicting views have been causing deep fractures in Hmong society.
Michael Rios and Joshua Watkins. (2015). Beyond “Place”: Translocal Placemaking of the Hmong Diaspora. Journal of Planning Education and Research Vol. 35(2) 209–219. For many migrants and refugees, place provides a common sense of territorial identity despite these groups having roots elsewhere. Using the case of the Hmong diaspora, the authors of this California-based study call for a reconsideration of how place is theorized in planning and introduces the term “translocal placemaking” to better reflect new social formations and the overdetermination of locality. The researchers argue that this relational conception of place captures the complexity of spatial and temporal relations as locales are not isolated from one another and draws attention to the various entanglements that historically shape spatial practices including the memories and ties to extralocal places.
Abigail Roche. (2015). “Bonding” and “bridging” social and cultural capitals: perceived factors associated with family eating practices among Hmong, Latino and white mothers and fathers.Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 47(6): 540-547.The authors of this study examined perceived social and cultural capitals associated with family eating practices among Hmong, Latino, and white mothers and fathers. Six focus groups composed of 52 Hmong, Latino, and white mothers and fathers of young children were conducted to examine parental perceptions of social and cultural capitals associated with eating practices. The researchers observed that while Hmong participants unanimously emphasized the healthfulness of their traditional food, Latino groups had divergent views on their traditional foods’ healthfulness. Hmong parents highly valued their traditional foods whereas white and Latino mothers were more accepting of new foods from other cultures. Participants noted divergent views on gender roles in family eating practices and food culture preservation efforts.
Shannon M. Sparks, and Pang C. Vang. (2015). The Development of the Milwaukee Consortium for Hmong Health: Capacity Building Through Direct Community Engagement. Progress in Community Health Partnership. 2015 Autumn; 9(3):405-12. This article describes the establishment and community engagement efforts of the Milwaukee Consortium for Hmong Health, established in 2008 to build capacity to investigate and address barriers to screening and cancer care. Methods. The Consortium facilitated a series of three community dialogues to explore with community members effective ways to overcome barriers to accessing screening and cancer care.
Kanokwan Suwannarong et al. (2015). Hunting, Food Preparation, and Consumption of Rodents in Lao PDR. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0133150. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133150. This article describes a cross-sectional study that was conducted in 29 villages of Khamkeuth District in Bolikhamxay Province in the Lao PDR during March to May 2013. The study aimed to determine the characteristics associated with rodent consumption and related behaviors among different ethnic groups, ages, and genders. Five-hundred-eighty-four (584) males and females from 18-50 years of age participated in this study. Half of them were Hmong (292, 50%) while 152 respondents were Lao-Tai (26%) or other ethnic groups (140, 24%). Most of the respondents (79.5%) had farming as their main occupation. Prevalences of the studied outcomes were high: 39.9 for hunting or capturing rodents in the previous year, 77.7% for preparing rodents as food, and 86.3% for rodent consumption.
Sarah Turner and Natalie Oswin. (2015). Itinerant Livelihoods: Street Vending-Scapes and the Politics of Mobility in Upland Socialist Vietnam. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 36(2015): 394-410.This paper examines the politics of mobility for a group of rural inhabitants attempting to diversify their livelihoods in an especially prescribed environment, namely ethnic minority street vendors living and working in upland socialist Vietnam. These Hmong, Yao and Giáy individuals face a political environment where access and trade rights shift on a near-daily basis because of the impulses of state officials, and where ethnicity is central to determining who gets to be mobile and how. The authors analyse three groups of itinerant vendors—those vending on the streets of an upland tourist town, the mobile minority wholesalers who supply them and other traders, and vendors who trek with Western tourists—to reveal the nature of this trade environment, while also highlighting the ways in which ethnic minority vendors negotiate, work around and contest vending restrictions in numerous innovative ways. The researchers argue that this focus on the microgeographies and everyday politics of mobility is essential to understanding how rural Global South livelihoods are fashioned and diversified, in this case revealing specific relationships and negotiations regarding resource access, ethnicity, state authority and livelihood strategies.
Zoua Vang, et al. (2015). Preterm birth among the hmong, other Asian subgroups and non-hispanic whites in California. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2015) 15:184.The authors of this study investigated very preterm (VPTB) and preterm birth (PTB) risk among Hmong women relative to non-Hispanic whites and other Asian subgroups. The researchers also examined the maternal education health gradient across subgroups. California birth record data (2002–2004) were used to analyze 568,652 singleton births to white and Asian women. Pearson Chi-square and logistic regression were used to assess variation in maternal characteristics and VPTB/ PTB risk by subgroup. Studies of Hmong infant health from the 1980s, the decade immediately following the group’s mass migration to the US, found no significant differences in adverse birth outcomes between Hmong and white women. By the early 2000s, however, the disparities in VPTB and PTB between Hmong and white women, as well as between Hmong and other Asian women had become substantial. Moreover
Se-Hyoung Yi. (2015). Democratic Inclusion and “Suffering Together” in The Eumenides. Duality of Immigrants. Political Theory 43(1): 30–53. Drawing upon the dual status of the Eumenides as metics who were neither included in nor excluded from Athenian democratic politics, the author of this essay attempts to bring the last scene of The Eumenides to contemporary political settings to examine the duality of immigrants—that is, the tension between political citizenship and cultural foreignness—in our liberal society. The author concludes that the controversial bride kidnapping cases among Hmong immigrants show that the liberal regulative principles such as reciprocity and mutual respect cannot work in the context of powerful and irreconcilable cultural and moral conflicts, which go beyond the line that we can tolerate in the name of cultural diversity. Rather, the author of the essay focuses on the Athenian citizens’ and the Eumenides’ courageous decision to suffer together, not merely to live together, in an attempt to find a new possibility of democratic coexistence.
IN MEMORIAM TO DR. NICHOLAS TAPP
In Memoriam to Dr. Nicholas Tapp, a giant in Hmong Studies and a true friend to the Hmong Studies Journal as a long-time member of the journal's editorial board, he will be greatly missed but his legacy lives on in his huge impact to the field of Hmong Studies scholarship. Dr. Tapp was the author of numerous articles related to the Hmong in scholarly journals.
Dr. Nicholas Tapp's books included:
Culture and Customs of the Hmong, Greenwood Press, Santa Barbara w/Gary Yia Lee.
The impossibility of self: An essay on the Hmong Diaspora, LIT Verlag GmbH & Co, London, New Brunswick.
A Hmao (Hua Miao) Songs, Stories and Legends from China, Lincom Europa, Munich.
Hmong/ Miao in Asia. Bangkok, Thailand: Silkworm Books, Co-Editor.
The Hmong of Australia: Culture and Diaspora, Pandanus Books, Canberra w/Gary Yia Lee
The Hmong of China: Context, Agency and the Imaginary, Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden; Boston; Koln.
Sovereignty and Rebellion: The White Hmong of Northern Thailand, Oxford University Press.
Obituary Notice from East China Normal University.
Nicholas Tapp, internationally renowned anthropologist, specialist in the study of the Hmong, distinguished Professor and Director of the Research Institute of Anthropology, East China Normal University, has passed away due to illness on October 10, 2015, at the Shanghai Huashan Hospital. He was 63 years old.
From 1986 to 1992, Nicholas Tapp was Lecturer in Anthropology at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. From 1992 to 1996, he was Lecturer in Anthropology at the University of Edinburgh. From 1997 to 1999, he worked at the U.K. Overseas Development Administration as Forestry Project Team Leader. From 2000 to 2010,he was Senior Fellow in Anthropology at the Australian National University. Nicholas Tapp joined the East China Normal University in 2010, acting as Professor, Chair of the Sociology Department and Director of the Research Institute of Anthropology.
Born in England on November 5, 1952, Nicholas Charles Theodore Tapp, earned a Bachelor’s degree in English Literature from the Cambridge University in 1975. He then studied at the University of London, where he obtained a Master’s degree in Southeast Asian Studies in 1979 and a doctoral degree in Social Anthropology in 1985.
A Tribute Page to Dr. Nicholas Tapp has been set up here: https://www.facebook.com/Professor-Nicholas-Tapp-Tribute-Page-1633753400196655/
In Memoriam to Dr. Nicholas Tapp, a giant in Hmong Studies and a true friend to the Hmong Studies Journal as a long-time member of the journal's editorial board, he will be greatly missed but his legacy lives on in his huge impact to the field of Hmong Studies scholarship. Dr. Tapp was the author of numerous articles related to the Hmong in scholarly journals.
Dr. Nicholas Tapp's books included:
Culture and Customs of the Hmong, Greenwood Press, Santa Barbara w/Gary Yia Lee.
The impossibility of self: An essay on the Hmong Diaspora, LIT Verlag GmbH & Co, London, New Brunswick.
A Hmao (Hua Miao) Songs, Stories and Legends from China, Lincom Europa, Munich.
Hmong/ Miao in Asia. Bangkok, Thailand: Silkworm Books, Co-Editor.
The Hmong of Australia: Culture and Diaspora, Pandanus Books, Canberra w/Gary Yia Lee
The Hmong of China: Context, Agency and the Imaginary, Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden; Boston; Koln.
Sovereignty and Rebellion: The White Hmong of Northern Thailand, Oxford University Press.
Obituary Notice from East China Normal University.
Nicholas Tapp, internationally renowned anthropologist, specialist in the study of the Hmong, distinguished Professor and Director of the Research Institute of Anthropology, East China Normal University, has passed away due to illness on October 10, 2015, at the Shanghai Huashan Hospital. He was 63 years old.
From 1986 to 1992, Nicholas Tapp was Lecturer in Anthropology at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. From 1992 to 1996, he was Lecturer in Anthropology at the University of Edinburgh. From 1997 to 1999, he worked at the U.K. Overseas Development Administration as Forestry Project Team Leader. From 2000 to 2010,he was Senior Fellow in Anthropology at the Australian National University. Nicholas Tapp joined the East China Normal University in 2010, acting as Professor, Chair of the Sociology Department and Director of the Research Institute of Anthropology.
Born in England on November 5, 1952, Nicholas Charles Theodore Tapp, earned a Bachelor’s degree in English Literature from the Cambridge University in 1975. He then studied at the University of London, where he obtained a Master’s degree in Southeast Asian Studies in 1979 and a doctoral degree in Social Anthropology in 1985.
A Tribute Page to Dr. Nicholas Tapp has been set up here: https://www.facebook.com/Professor-Nicholas-Tapp-Tribute-Page-1633753400196655/
HMONG CULTURAL CENTER LAUNCHES HMONG HISTORY CENTER AND LIBRARY IN ST. PAUL
Hmong Cultural Center officially launched the new Hmong History Center and Library at a special event commemorating the organization's 23rd anniversary Tuesday, December 22, 2015.
Located at the Hmong Cultural Center's offices, the Hmong History Center and Library will provide visitors with a one of a kind experience including educational exhibits and a comprehensive research library to learn about the Hmong Minnesotan experience and Hmong culture and history. The lead exhibit Hmong Minnesota: Yesterday and Today has been produced in partnership with Museology, a museum production firm based in Minneapolis.
To learn more about the Hmong History Center and Library visit: http://www.hmonghistorycenter.org/
Located at the Hmong Cultural Center's offices, the Hmong History Center and Library will provide visitors with a one of a kind experience including educational exhibits and a comprehensive research library to learn about the Hmong Minnesotan experience and Hmong culture and history. The lead exhibit Hmong Minnesota: Yesterday and Today has been produced in partnership with Museology, a museum production firm based in Minneapolis.
To learn more about the Hmong History Center and Library visit: http://www.hmonghistorycenter.org/
HMONG STUDIES JOURNAL PUBLISHES VOLUME 16
At the end of December 2015, the Saint Paul-based Hmong Studies Journal published volume 16.
Articles in Volume 16 discuss a wide range of important topics in Hmong Studies including the following:
• The Origins of the Hmong-American Alliance in the Vietnam War Era
• The Relationship between Hmong Studies and Asian American Studies
• The Experiences of LGBT Hmong Americans
• Contemporary Hmong American Leadership
• A Book Review of Dreams of the Hmong Kingdom: The Quest for Legitimation in French Indochina, 1850-1960
View the Hmong Studies Journal Volume 16 Press Release Here: http://hmongstudies.org/HSJPressRelease16.pdf
View Volume 16 here: http://www.hmongstudiesjournal.org/hsj-volume-16-2015.html
Articles in Volume 16 discuss a wide range of important topics in Hmong Studies including the following:
• The Origins of the Hmong-American Alliance in the Vietnam War Era
• The Relationship between Hmong Studies and Asian American Studies
• The Experiences of LGBT Hmong Americans
• Contemporary Hmong American Leadership
• A Book Review of Dreams of the Hmong Kingdom: The Quest for Legitimation in French Indochina, 1850-1960
View the Hmong Studies Journal Volume 16 Press Release Here: http://hmongstudies.org/HSJPressRelease16.pdf
View Volume 16 here: http://www.hmongstudiesjournal.org/hsj-volume-16-2015.html
HMONG STUDIES VIRTUAL LIBRARY CONTINUES TO GROW:
The Hmong Cultural Center in Saint Paul is pleased to announce the continued expansion and enhancement of the Hmong Studies Virtual Library of links to full-text books, research articles and published reports related to Hmong Studies and Southeast Asian American Studies as part of the website of its Hmong Resource Center Library. The Hmong Studies Virtual Library now consists of source information metadata and links to more than 350 full-text Hmong-related resources available on the internet. The Hmong Studies Virtual Library currently includes in PDF format the complete contents of 168 journal articles, 18 conference panel sessions, 111 dissertations and theses, 38 research reports, and 22 books. Visit the Hmong Studies Virtual Library at http://www.hmonglibrary.org/hmong-studies-virtual-library.html
Mark E. Pfeifer, PhD, of Hmong Cultural Center stated: “Today’s students and scholars often look online first for full-text research as they work on term papers and research projects. The Hmong Studies Virtual Library is a very unique resource that provides almost 370 full-text research resources related to the Hmong in one place. This online library supported in part by a 3 year grant from the Henry Luce Foundation will play an important role in facilitating easy access in one place to full-text resources pertaining to the Hmong and will help the Hmong Resource Center Library at the Hmong Cultural Center continue its mission as a key research institution to community members, students and scholars.”
Mark E. Pfeifer, PhD, of Hmong Cultural Center stated: “Today’s students and scholars often look online first for full-text research as they work on term papers and research projects. The Hmong Studies Virtual Library is a very unique resource that provides almost 370 full-text research resources related to the Hmong in one place. This online library supported in part by a 3 year grant from the Henry Luce Foundation will play an important role in facilitating easy access in one place to full-text resources pertaining to the Hmong and will help the Hmong Resource Center Library at the Hmong Cultural Center continue its mission as a key research institution to community members, students and scholars.”
OTHER NEWS IN HMONG STUDIES:
U.S. Census Bureau releases 2014 Hmong Profile in the American Community Survey:
In October 2014, the U.S. Census Bureau released the Hmong American Profile in the 2014 American Community Survey. Profiles are available for U.S. Hmong, California Hmong and Minnesota Hmong. Access the datasets here: http://www.hmongstudiesjournal.org/hmong-census-data.html
U.S. Census Bureau releases 2014 Hmong Profile in the American Community Survey:
In October 2014, the U.S. Census Bureau released the Hmong American Profile in the 2014 American Community Survey. Profiles are available for U.S. Hmong, California Hmong and Minnesota Hmong. Access the datasets here: http://www.hmongstudiesjournal.org/hmong-census-data.html
COMPREHENSIVE AND EXPANDED HMONG STUDIES RESEARCH BIBLIOGRAPHIES ARE ONLINE:
Doing research on a Hmong Studies research topic? More than 40 comprehensive and frequently updated online subject bibliographies of Hmong Studies works are available at the following link: http://www.hmongstudiesjournal.org/hmong-studies-bibliographies.html
A 2007-Present research bibliography is updated every few months with information about the latest research publications in Hmong Studies, online links to full-text are included where applicable:
http://www.hmongstudiesjournal.org/hmong-studies-publications-from-2007-present.html
Doing research on a Hmong Studies research topic? More than 40 comprehensive and frequently updated online subject bibliographies of Hmong Studies works are available at the following link: http://www.hmongstudiesjournal.org/hmong-studies-bibliographies.html
A 2007-Present research bibliography is updated every few months with information about the latest research publications in Hmong Studies, online links to full-text are included where applicable:
http://www.hmongstudiesjournal.org/hmong-studies-publications-from-2007-present.html
