Politics and the Hmong in Southeast Asia and the United States
Compiled by Mark E. Pfeifer, PhD
Xiong, Y.S. (2022). Immigrant Agency: Hmong American Movements and the Politics of Racialized Incorporation. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Baird, I. and P. Hillmer. (2020). "Veterans from Laos: War, Remembrance, Ritual, Rank, Racism, and the Making of Hmong and Lao America." Hmong Studies Journal, 21: 1-37.
Vang, Y. (2020). Examining How Power Concepts May Affect the Leader’s Actions and Thoughts for Hmong Nonprofit Organizations. PhD Dissertation, Northcentral University.
Vang, N.N. (2018). "Unlawful or Not? Reassessing the Value and Impact of Hmong American Transnational Politics." Amerasia Journal 44(2): 43-64.
Xiong, Y.S. (2018) The Dynamics of Discursive Opportunities in the Hmong Campaign for Inclusion in California, Amerasia Journal, 44:2, 65-87.
Wong, C. (2017). Voting Together: Inter-generational Politics and Civic Engagement among Hmong Americans. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
Xiong, Y.S. “The Centrality of Ethnic Community and the Military Service Master Frame in Hmong Americans’ Protest Events and Cycles of Protest, 1980-2012.” Hmong Studies Journal 17(2016): 1-33.
Vang, N.N. and J. Hein. (2015). "Hmong American Leadership and Unity in the Post-Vang Pao Era." Hmong Studies Journal, Volume 16, 2015.
Hein, J. (2014). "The Urban Ethnic Community and Collective Action: Politics, Protest, and Civic Engagement by Hmong Americans in Minneapolis-St. Paul." City and Community 13(2): 119-139.
Hein, J. & N. Vang. (2014). "Politicians and Social Movements: The Impact of Electoral Victory on Local, National, and Transnational Activism by Hmong Americans in Minneapolis–St. Paul." Social Movement Studies: Journal of Social, Cultural and Political Protest, Published Online.
Doherty, S. (2013). "Electoral Participation in the Hmong American Community: An Initial Analysis." In Diversity in Diaspora: Hmong Americans in the Twenty-First Century, M. Pfeifer, M. Chiu and K. Yang, Eds. Honolulu:
University of Hawaii Press.
Wong, C. (2013). "Civic Values and Political Engagement in Two Hmong American Communities." In Diversity in
Diaspora: Hmong Americans in the Twenty-First Century, M. Pfeifer, M. Chiu and K. Yang, Eds. Honolulu: University
of Hawaii Press.
Lor, P. (2012). "Commentary: A Framework for 21st Century Hmong Leadership." Hmong Studies Journal, Vol
13(1).
Yang, S. (2012). "The Evolution of Hmong Self-Help Organizations in Minnesota." Hmong Studies Journal, Vol 13(1).
Vang, N.N. (2011). "Political Transmigrants: Rethinking Hmong Political Activism in America." Hmong Studies Journal, 12: 1-46.
Lai, J.S. (2010). “Eau Claire, Wisconsin: The Political Rise of the Hmong American Community.” In
Asian American Political Action: Suburban Transformations, edited by James S. Lai. Boulder, CO: Lynne
Rienner Publishers, 199-212.
Vang, H. (2010). Dreaming of Home, Dreaming of Land: Displacements and Hmong Transnational Politics,
1975-2010. PhD Dissertation, University of Minnesota.
Xiong, C.W. (2010). A Critical Hermeneutic Approach to Hmong Leadership in the Lao PDR: Horizons of
Forgiveness and Action through Imagination in Community Development. PhD Dissertation, University of
San Francisco.
Lor, Y. (2009). "Hmong Political Involvement in St. Paul, Minnesota and Fresno, California." Hmong Studies Journal, Volume 10: 1-53.
Doherty, S. (2007). "Political Behavior and Candidate Emergence in the Hmong-American Community." Hmong
Studies Journal, Vol 8, 2007.
Yoshikawa, T. (2006). "From a Refugee Camp to the Minnesota State Senate: A Case Study of a Hmong American
Woman’s Challenge." Hmong Studies Journal, Vol 7, 2006.
Yang, S. (2006). Hmong social and political capital: The formation and maintenance of Hmong-American
organizations. PhD Dissertation, Northern Illinois University, 2006, 342 pages
Doherty, S. (2001). "Political Behavior and Candidate Emergence in the Hmong-American Community." Unpublished Conference Paper. 28 p. (Study of Hmong-American Politics in Central Wisconsin).
Evans, G. (1998). The Politics of Ritual and Rememberance: Laos Since 1975. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Lyfoung, T. (1996). Touby Lyfoung. St. Paul, MN: Touby Lyfoung Foundation.
Lucke, Joyce Joanna. (1995). We all agree: a study of cultural consensus in a Hmong community . Ph.D., University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee.
Oveson, J. 1995. A Minority Enters the Nation State: A Case Study of a Hmong Community in Vientiane Province,
Laos. Uppsala, Sweden: Department of Cultural Anthropology, Uppsala University.
Xiv, C.Y. (1995). "A Dedication to Touby Lyfoung: The Hmong's First Cabinet Member of the Laotian Government."
Paper reprinted at www.hmong.com website. 5 p.
Bays, Sharon Arlene. (1994). Cultural politics and identity formation in a San Joaquin Valley Hmong community . Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Moua, Tou Yer. (1994). Hmong values and political leadership as perceived by the U.S. Hmongs . Ph.D. dissertation, United States International University.
Olney, D.P. (1993). We Must Be Organized: Dual Organizations in an American Hmong Community. PhD
Dissertation, University of Minnesota.
Vang, P. (1993). "White Paper on Demonstrations of Hmong Refugees and Letters from the Napho and Ban Vinai
Refugee Camps, Thailand to President Bill Clinton in 1993." Denver: Lao American Human Rights Council.
Vang, P. (1993). “The Hmong Council Education Committee: Grassroots Advocacy.” In Refugee Empowerment and
Organizational Change: A Systems Perspective, ed. by P.W. Van Arsdale, 37-49. Arlington, VA: Committee on
Refugee Issues, General Anthropology Division, American Anthropological Association.
Beemer, B.G. 1992. Hmong Political Behavior in Laos: An Analysis Using Hmong Culture and History.” Senior Honors Thesis, Brandeis University.
Castella, P. (1991). “Bamboo Versus Guns: Lao’s Hmong Resistance Movement.” International Defense Review 24 (May 1991): 397-98.
Gunn, G.C. (1990). Rebellion in Laos: Peasant and Politics in a Colonial Backwater. Boulder, CO: Westview Press,
1990.
Karniol, R. (1990). “Laotian Resistance Emerges from Mist.” International Defense Review 23 (March 1990): 269-272.
Scott G.M. (1990). “Hmong Aspirations for a Separate State in Laos: The Effects of the Indochina War.” In
Secessionist Movements in Comparative Perspective.” Edited by R. Premdas, S.W.R. de A. Samsarasinghe and Alan B. Anderson. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Xiong, L. (1990). “Hmong Role and Motivation in Support of the French and Americans in the Laotian Civil War, 1945-1975.” Master’s Thesis, Mankato State University.
Vang, P. (1990). The Politics of Hmong Community Organizations in America. Denver: Hmong Council Education
Committee.
Yang, P.K. (1990). “Hmong Involvement in Wars in Laos Before and After 1975.” Master’s Thesis, Mankato State
University.
Tapp, N. (1989). Sovereignty and Rebellion: The White Hmong of Northern Thailand. Singapore: Oxford University
Press.
Olney, D.P. (1988). "Age and Style of Leadership in a Hmong Community." Paper Presented at the American
Anthropological Association Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ. 10 p.
Lee, G.Y. (1987). “Ethnic Minorities and National-Building in Laos: the Hmong in the Lao State.” Peninsule 11-12
(1987): 215-232.
Tapp, N. (1987). “Political Participation Among the Hmong of Thailand.” In Proceedings of the International
Conference on Thai Studies, edited by Ann Buller, vol. 3, 339-348. Canberra: Australian National University, 1987.
Scott, George Morgan, JR. (1986). Migrants Without Mountains: The Politics Of Sociocultural Adjustment Among The Lao Hmong Refugees In San Diego (Acculturation, Ethnic Identity, Assimilation, Immigration, California), PhD
dissertation. University of California – San Diego.
Yee, G.Y. (1986). "Minority Politics in Thailand: A Hmong Perspective." Paper eprinted at www.hmongnet.org/hmong-au/ website. 9 p.
Lee, Gary Yia (1982). National Minority Policies and the Hmong. In Contemporary Laos: Studies in the Politics and
Society of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Martin Stuart-Fox, ed., pp. 199-219.
Thao, Cheu (1982). Hmong Migration and Leadership in Laos and in the United States. In The Hmong in the West:
Observations and Reports. Bruce T. Downing and Douglas P. Olney, eds., pp. 99-121. Minneapolis: Center for
Urban and Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota.
Geis, R. (1981). The Hmong in America: Acculturation and the Organization of an Ethnic Community in the United
States. (Unpublished).
Dunnigan, T. (1980). The Importance of Kinship in Hmong Community Development. Paper Read at the American
Anthropological Association.
Marks, Thomas A. (1973). The Meo Hill Tribe Problem in North Thailand. Asian Survey 13:929-944.
Ridenour, George Allen (1971). Rural Development in Laos and Governmental Relationships with the Meo Ethnic
Minority. Unpub M.S. Thesis, Cornell University.
Department of the Army (1970). The Meo. Chapter 10 in Minority Groups in Thailand. Department of the Army PAM
#550-107, pp. 537-687. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Offices.
Lyman, Thomas A. (1970). The Meo Tribesmen, A New Force in Laos in Laos. Asia Aakhanee: Southeast Asian
Survey 2(3):26-28, March 1970.
Military Research and Development Center (1969). Meo Handbook. Bangkok, Thailand: Joint Thai-U.S. Military
Research and Development Center. National Technical Information Service, order no. AD 860 430.
Dinh-dang-Dinh (1967). The Meo National Minority, North-West Vietnam. Hanoi: Xunhasaba.
Hafner, James A. (1965). The Pathet Lao and Change in Traditional Economies of the Meo and Kha 1958-61.
Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 50:431-436.
Compiled by Mark E. Pfeifer, PhD
Xiong, Y.S. (2022). Immigrant Agency: Hmong American Movements and the Politics of Racialized Incorporation. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Baird, I. and P. Hillmer. (2020). "Veterans from Laos: War, Remembrance, Ritual, Rank, Racism, and the Making of Hmong and Lao America." Hmong Studies Journal, 21: 1-37.
Vang, Y. (2020). Examining How Power Concepts May Affect the Leader’s Actions and Thoughts for Hmong Nonprofit Organizations. PhD Dissertation, Northcentral University.
Vang, N.N. (2018). "Unlawful or Not? Reassessing the Value and Impact of Hmong American Transnational Politics." Amerasia Journal 44(2): 43-64.
Xiong, Y.S. (2018) The Dynamics of Discursive Opportunities in the Hmong Campaign for Inclusion in California, Amerasia Journal, 44:2, 65-87.
Wong, C. (2017). Voting Together: Inter-generational Politics and Civic Engagement among Hmong Americans. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
Xiong, Y.S. “The Centrality of Ethnic Community and the Military Service Master Frame in Hmong Americans’ Protest Events and Cycles of Protest, 1980-2012.” Hmong Studies Journal 17(2016): 1-33.
Vang, N.N. and J. Hein. (2015). "Hmong American Leadership and Unity in the Post-Vang Pao Era." Hmong Studies Journal, Volume 16, 2015.
Hein, J. (2014). "The Urban Ethnic Community and Collective Action: Politics, Protest, and Civic Engagement by Hmong Americans in Minneapolis-St. Paul." City and Community 13(2): 119-139.
Hein, J. & N. Vang. (2014). "Politicians and Social Movements: The Impact of Electoral Victory on Local, National, and Transnational Activism by Hmong Americans in Minneapolis–St. Paul." Social Movement Studies: Journal of Social, Cultural and Political Protest, Published Online.
Doherty, S. (2013). "Electoral Participation in the Hmong American Community: An Initial Analysis." In Diversity in Diaspora: Hmong Americans in the Twenty-First Century, M. Pfeifer, M. Chiu and K. Yang, Eds. Honolulu:
University of Hawaii Press.
Wong, C. (2013). "Civic Values and Political Engagement in Two Hmong American Communities." In Diversity in
Diaspora: Hmong Americans in the Twenty-First Century, M. Pfeifer, M. Chiu and K. Yang, Eds. Honolulu: University
of Hawaii Press.
Lor, P. (2012). "Commentary: A Framework for 21st Century Hmong Leadership." Hmong Studies Journal, Vol
13(1).
Yang, S. (2012). "The Evolution of Hmong Self-Help Organizations in Minnesota." Hmong Studies Journal, Vol 13(1).
Vang, N.N. (2011). "Political Transmigrants: Rethinking Hmong Political Activism in America." Hmong Studies Journal, 12: 1-46.
Lai, J.S. (2010). “Eau Claire, Wisconsin: The Political Rise of the Hmong American Community.” In
Asian American Political Action: Suburban Transformations, edited by James S. Lai. Boulder, CO: Lynne
Rienner Publishers, 199-212.
Vang, H. (2010). Dreaming of Home, Dreaming of Land: Displacements and Hmong Transnational Politics,
1975-2010. PhD Dissertation, University of Minnesota.
Xiong, C.W. (2010). A Critical Hermeneutic Approach to Hmong Leadership in the Lao PDR: Horizons of
Forgiveness and Action through Imagination in Community Development. PhD Dissertation, University of
San Francisco.
Lor, Y. (2009). "Hmong Political Involvement in St. Paul, Minnesota and Fresno, California." Hmong Studies Journal, Volume 10: 1-53.
Doherty, S. (2007). "Political Behavior and Candidate Emergence in the Hmong-American Community." Hmong
Studies Journal, Vol 8, 2007.
Yoshikawa, T. (2006). "From a Refugee Camp to the Minnesota State Senate: A Case Study of a Hmong American
Woman’s Challenge." Hmong Studies Journal, Vol 7, 2006.
Yang, S. (2006). Hmong social and political capital: The formation and maintenance of Hmong-American
organizations. PhD Dissertation, Northern Illinois University, 2006, 342 pages
Doherty, S. (2001). "Political Behavior and Candidate Emergence in the Hmong-American Community." Unpublished Conference Paper. 28 p. (Study of Hmong-American Politics in Central Wisconsin).
Evans, G. (1998). The Politics of Ritual and Rememberance: Laos Since 1975. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Lyfoung, T. (1996). Touby Lyfoung. St. Paul, MN: Touby Lyfoung Foundation.
Lucke, Joyce Joanna. (1995). We all agree: a study of cultural consensus in a Hmong community . Ph.D., University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee.
Oveson, J. 1995. A Minority Enters the Nation State: A Case Study of a Hmong Community in Vientiane Province,
Laos. Uppsala, Sweden: Department of Cultural Anthropology, Uppsala University.
Xiv, C.Y. (1995). "A Dedication to Touby Lyfoung: The Hmong's First Cabinet Member of the Laotian Government."
Paper reprinted at www.hmong.com website. 5 p.
Bays, Sharon Arlene. (1994). Cultural politics and identity formation in a San Joaquin Valley Hmong community . Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Moua, Tou Yer. (1994). Hmong values and political leadership as perceived by the U.S. Hmongs . Ph.D. dissertation, United States International University.
Olney, D.P. (1993). We Must Be Organized: Dual Organizations in an American Hmong Community. PhD
Dissertation, University of Minnesota.
Vang, P. (1993). "White Paper on Demonstrations of Hmong Refugees and Letters from the Napho and Ban Vinai
Refugee Camps, Thailand to President Bill Clinton in 1993." Denver: Lao American Human Rights Council.
Vang, P. (1993). “The Hmong Council Education Committee: Grassroots Advocacy.” In Refugee Empowerment and
Organizational Change: A Systems Perspective, ed. by P.W. Van Arsdale, 37-49. Arlington, VA: Committee on
Refugee Issues, General Anthropology Division, American Anthropological Association.
Beemer, B.G. 1992. Hmong Political Behavior in Laos: An Analysis Using Hmong Culture and History.” Senior Honors Thesis, Brandeis University.
Castella, P. (1991). “Bamboo Versus Guns: Lao’s Hmong Resistance Movement.” International Defense Review 24 (May 1991): 397-98.
Gunn, G.C. (1990). Rebellion in Laos: Peasant and Politics in a Colonial Backwater. Boulder, CO: Westview Press,
1990.
Karniol, R. (1990). “Laotian Resistance Emerges from Mist.” International Defense Review 23 (March 1990): 269-272.
Scott G.M. (1990). “Hmong Aspirations for a Separate State in Laos: The Effects of the Indochina War.” In
Secessionist Movements in Comparative Perspective.” Edited by R. Premdas, S.W.R. de A. Samsarasinghe and Alan B. Anderson. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Xiong, L. (1990). “Hmong Role and Motivation in Support of the French and Americans in the Laotian Civil War, 1945-1975.” Master’s Thesis, Mankato State University.
Vang, P. (1990). The Politics of Hmong Community Organizations in America. Denver: Hmong Council Education
Committee.
Yang, P.K. (1990). “Hmong Involvement in Wars in Laos Before and After 1975.” Master’s Thesis, Mankato State
University.
Tapp, N. (1989). Sovereignty and Rebellion: The White Hmong of Northern Thailand. Singapore: Oxford University
Press.
Olney, D.P. (1988). "Age and Style of Leadership in a Hmong Community." Paper Presented at the American
Anthropological Association Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ. 10 p.
Lee, G.Y. (1987). “Ethnic Minorities and National-Building in Laos: the Hmong in the Lao State.” Peninsule 11-12
(1987): 215-232.
Tapp, N. (1987). “Political Participation Among the Hmong of Thailand.” In Proceedings of the International
Conference on Thai Studies, edited by Ann Buller, vol. 3, 339-348. Canberra: Australian National University, 1987.
Scott, George Morgan, JR. (1986). Migrants Without Mountains: The Politics Of Sociocultural Adjustment Among The Lao Hmong Refugees In San Diego (Acculturation, Ethnic Identity, Assimilation, Immigration, California), PhD
dissertation. University of California – San Diego.
Yee, G.Y. (1986). "Minority Politics in Thailand: A Hmong Perspective." Paper eprinted at www.hmongnet.org/hmong-au/ website. 9 p.
Lee, Gary Yia (1982). National Minority Policies and the Hmong. In Contemporary Laos: Studies in the Politics and
Society of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Martin Stuart-Fox, ed., pp. 199-219.
Thao, Cheu (1982). Hmong Migration and Leadership in Laos and in the United States. In The Hmong in the West:
Observations and Reports. Bruce T. Downing and Douglas P. Olney, eds., pp. 99-121. Minneapolis: Center for
Urban and Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota.
Geis, R. (1981). The Hmong in America: Acculturation and the Organization of an Ethnic Community in the United
States. (Unpublished).
Dunnigan, T. (1980). The Importance of Kinship in Hmong Community Development. Paper Read at the American
Anthropological Association.
Marks, Thomas A. (1973). The Meo Hill Tribe Problem in North Thailand. Asian Survey 13:929-944.
Ridenour, George Allen (1971). Rural Development in Laos and Governmental Relationships with the Meo Ethnic
Minority. Unpub M.S. Thesis, Cornell University.
Department of the Army (1970). The Meo. Chapter 10 in Minority Groups in Thailand. Department of the Army PAM
#550-107, pp. 537-687. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Offices.
Lyman, Thomas A. (1970). The Meo Tribesmen, A New Force in Laos in Laos. Asia Aakhanee: Southeast Asian
Survey 2(3):26-28, March 1970.
Military Research and Development Center (1969). Meo Handbook. Bangkok, Thailand: Joint Thai-U.S. Military
Research and Development Center. National Technical Information Service, order no. AD 860 430.
Dinh-dang-Dinh (1967). The Meo National Minority, North-West Vietnam. Hanoi: Xunhasaba.
Hafner, James A. (1965). The Pathet Lao and Change in Traditional Economies of the Meo and Kha 1958-61.
Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 50:431-436.
